Public-Private Partnership in Irrigation Sector L essons Learnt from Japanese Irrigation Association

1. Public-Private Partnership in Irrigation SectorLessons Learnt from Japanese Irrigation Association Dr. Yoshihiko Ogino Professor Osaka Prefecture University • Overview of • Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in Japan • LID: Land Improvement District as Water users’ Association • AC: Agricultural Cooperative as Public Organization • Public Private Partnership in Irrigation Sector • Multifunctional Use of Water • Irrigation Facilities for Multiple Use • Irrigation Management through PPP in Japan [戻る] [戻る]

2. World Population 2025 • 0.5 billion in 1600 • 2 billion in 1941(at the beginning of the world war 2) • 4.5 billion in 1970 (explosion of the world population) • 5.3 billion in 1990, added 90 million every year • 6.3 billion at the 21st century • More than 9 billion in 2025　　　

3. Water is major constraint for food production and rural development

4. Water Demand Management in Japan The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport which is responsible for water resource development is interested in the public-private partnership in water demand management (WDM) option. Radical shift from supply management options to the WDM Water resources (include river flow and ground water) in Japan are considered as limited resources. Appropriate WDM policies and programs are needed and water demands by all sectors are requested to make reductions for sound ecological development in the river basin. The PPP as a Water Demand Management(WDM) option provides the consortium and platform for all stakeholders to formulate “the long term river basin development plan” in main river basins which are under the control of the MLIT. Representatives of private sectors and public sectors participate in the consortium to set up the main flame of “the long term river basin development plan” which includes the new action plan for the public-private partnership trend.

5. Urbanization and its Impact on of water rights The economic growth and rate of urbanization have resulted into conversion of substantial number of paddy fields into housing or factory land lots. As a result, it was deemed necessary to divert the surplus water from irrigation activities to industrial and domestic purposes. • In Japan, however, an approval from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has to be obtained under the River Law to divert water rights. • Diversion of water for irrigation prior to 1896, when the River Law was enforced, was considered a traditional water right automatically approved at the time of enforcement. In this way, water rights for irrigation in the agricultural sector has a history that has long been legally recognized. • In view of the definition under the River Law that river water is a public property, irrigation sector is prohibited to directly sell or transfer their water rights to cities. In reality, however, there have been a few cases of water rights being sold. • Today, projects have been started to reduce distribution loss by works (lining, installation of check gates or pipe lines to replace former open channel systems). The cities in turn pay the costs of modifying such irrigation facilities. Part of the irrigation water which has become unnecessary, due to decreased irrigation areas resulting from urbanization, are transferred to cities. Water right transfer

6. Our experience of formulating the irrigation projects and subsequent O&M have revealed; • it is virtually impossible to effectively utilize water only through construction of major systems such as reservoirs, barrages, main canals and laterals, • it is however,essential to construct canals and ditches at farm level, • and to establish institutions that would enable water management organizations realize effective on-farm water management. Participatory Irrigation Management for agriculture and rural development

7. Historical background • Organization and members • Function and activities • Irrigation water management • Finance Land Improvement Districts (LIDs) as farmers’ irrigation organizations and mechanism for introduction of WDM practices in Public-Private Partnership

8. Typical model of Land Improvement District (LID) -command area: 1,000 ha or more -number of members:1,000 or more -executive body; board of directors, representatives -number of employees for O&M: 15 Manager, clerks, accountant, operator, mechanic,Part-time employees General assembly (right) LID’s central office (left)

9. Mechanism to introduce WDM practice in Public-Private Partnership Important or influential persons such city mayors from non-agricultural sectors are invited as board members and/or the president of the LID. A special standing committee for public service using irrigation facilities is set up in the LID. A consortium between cities, public sectors and the LID is held to investigate finance and activities of water matter. Staff meeting Inside of LID’s office

10. reservoir Public service by using Irrigation water, facilities and its control system-water source(mainly river, pond and groundwater):water for domestic use and fire fighting, environmental protection, ecological diversification,-irrigation facilities(dam, barrage, canals, pump):park and recreation, drainage for rainfall and sewage from city area, etc-equipment(centralized remote control and monitor system):effective and efficient use of water, Lateral canal Main canal barrage river pump Remote control center

11. The LID was established on the basis of the Land Improvement Law in 1949 after the World War 2. • But the majority of LIDs existed before the War, and continued to functionunder different new names. • Most farmers‘ irrigation associations were established 200-400 years agothereby taking advantage of the longrich history in mutual and cooperative O&M of irrigation facilities. • Thetradition andculture of cooperation had been formed through communal activities in construction works of canals and land reclamation, and later strengthened through O&M of the same facilities coupled with the sharing of scarce water resources during dry spells. Historical background of LID

12. PresidentandBoard of directors: President, directors and representatives are elected by member farmers among themselves, today, important and /or influential persons such as the mayors are invited as board members and elected as LID (vice) president • Standing committee: representatives of cities join to promote public services • Executive body:directors and trustees, representatives of cities join to promote public services • Membership:small farmers including tenants were entitled full membership of the organization • Daily works:regular personnel employees, some volunteers work with the LID staff Organization of LID

13. Project promotion • Irrigation projects and rehabilitation are carried out by engineers of Government at the request of LIDs. • Legally and formally, LIDs are designated to promote the projects. • Practically, government engineers determine the potential irrigation needs of farmers and improvement of facilities. • Operation and maintenance • O&M are carried out by farmers themselves • LIDs are resonsible only major facilites such barrages, pump, main canals and major turnouts. • Minor turnouts below tertiary rank are operated by organization of rural community • Rural community participates in the maintenance of village roads and take part in the O&M of on-farm irrigation systems Function and activities of LID

14. Gravitational irrigation systems are most common in Japan. • Water is distributed simultaneously and continuously to each paddy plot through canals and ditches which eventually flows down to the cities and towns for the residents social amenities. • Occasionally the simultaneous supply system is inter-changed temporarily to rotational system during an abnormally dry year or during a dry spell. During an abnormally dry year irrigation water purified and turned into drinking water. • One of the most important activities of LID is ensuring fair distribution of water to each plot of paddy field. Fair and equitable distribution of water is only one major functions. • The LID gives people living in command area public services through their own facilities and water Water distribution in the command area

15. - Mura is a livelihood community of farmers, which is also autonomous society for executing village Fiesta and construction works on a communal and cooperative manner, • In rural communities, farmers and non-farmers cooperate to maintain canals and turnouts, to remove mud and grass for sustainable irrigation and rural amenities. • After the War, land reform was carried out in Japan, poor peasants became farmers with their own farm land in-spite of relatively smaller acreages of less than 1 ha. • In rural communities, farmers and non-farmers participate to construct farm roads and to repair irrigation and drainage ditches on a voluntary basis. Rural community “mura” and small farmers “nomin”

16. Construction cost • the construction costs of irrigation facilities are subsidized by government sometimes by as much as 70 to 80%. • The remaining costs are covered by loan at low interest rates which is repaid in yearly installments by farmers and redeemable in 20 years. • The agricultural cooperative bank provide farmers loan, credit service and mutual insurance service. • O&M costs • all of the costs for O&M is regarded as the responsibility of farmers, there are no subsidies for O&M costsfrom the government. The money for O&M is collected from the member farmers. • municipalities share part of O&M costs for provision of public services such as recreation parks, sewage disposal and rainfall drainage, environmental protection works etc. • As a cost saving measure, farmers can pay through labor by undertaking the removal of canal sediments and grass mowing on embankments. • Non-agricultural sectors volunteer to work with the LID staff. Finance

17. Rapid urbanization • rehabilitation stage of irrigation facilities • economic depression in least favorable areas • old farmers resulting in less human labor resources • Scarcity of land and water resources • Environmental degradation • effluent from expanding cities • over exploitation of natural resources in rural areas • ecological disturbance Present situationneeds to promote more tight public private partnership

18. Farmers are members of a LID and at the same time are the members of a Mura, but they are also members of an Agricultural Cooperative (AC). • An Agricultural Cooperative Association Law was enacted in 1947, and farmers were requested to establish their own AC in order to realize their objectives Agricultural Cooperatives and Objectives (AC) Objectives (AC) • To increase agricultural production • betterment of living standards of farmers • to encourage farmers to promote mutual assistantship through modernization and democratization processes in rural areas by their own cooperative activities,

19. Hierarchical organization structure • Village level ---- Unitary AC • Prefecture level --- Prefecture Federations Credit Federation, Economic Federation, Mutual insurance Federation and Other Prefecture Federation • National level ---- National Federations Central Union of AC, Central Cooperative Bank Association, National Federation of Acs, National Mutual Insurance Federation Organization of AC

20. Long-term plan Project promotion Administrations Finance and subsidies Engineering standards Extension service Insurance service Credit service Marketing of production & commodities MAFF Horizontal phase of public and Private Partnership “mura and Nomin” LID/WUA Cities, AC Water management Water supply and drainage Agricultural structure improvement

21. Top-down for government initiative MAFF,MLIT of JAPAN Central government National federation of LID National federation of AC Vertical phase of public and Private Partnership Prefecture federation of AC City and Town LID AC Bottom-up for farmers’ initiative