Chapter 12 Life Cycle: From Childhood Through Older Adulthood

1. Chapter 12Life Cycle: From Childhood Through Older Adulthood

2. Childhood Energy and nutrient needs during childhood Energy and protein Total energy requirements gradually increases Kilocalories and grams protein per kgdecrease from infancy Vitamins and minerals Variety of foods needed Assess iron intake Need for supplements?

4. Childhood • Influences on childhood food habits and intake • Usually temporary • Caregivers have increased role in the development of child’s health and nutrition habits • Kids are responsible for when and how much to eat • External factors • Television • Environment

6. Childhood Nutritional Concerns of Childhood Malnutrition and hunger Food insecure households Low food security Federal assistance programs WIC National School Lunch Breakfast and Summer Food Service Programs Summer Food Service

8. Childhood • Nutrition Concerns of Childhood • Food and behavior • Foods associated with hyperactivity

9. Childhood • Childhood and Teenage Obesity • 16-33% of children and adolescents obese • Overweight children likely to become overweight adults • The Path to Obesity • Most commonly begins between ages 5-6 or during adolescence

10. Childhood • Childhood and Teenage Obesity • What Causes Obesity? • Genetic, biological, behavioral, and cultural factors • 80% chance for children with two obese parents

11. Childhood • Childhood and Teenage Obesity • Risks and Complications • Increased risk of heart disease • High blood pressure • Diabetes • Breathing problems • Trouble sleeping

12. Childhood • Childhood and Teenage Obesity • Management • Start a weight-management program • Change eating habits • Plan meals and make better selections • Control portions • Increase physical activity • Limit snacking

13. Childhood • Nutrition and chronic disease • Dietary Guidelines for Americans • Screening children with family history of high lipid levels • Lead toxicity • Slow growth • Iron-deficiency anemia • Damage to brain and CNS • Low-iron, calcium, and zinc intakes increase lead absorption

14. Childhood • Vegetarianism • Nutrients to emphasize • Calcium • Iron • Zinc • Vitamin B12 • Vitamin D

15. Adolescence Physical growth and development Adolescent growth spurt Boys: begins between 12 and 13 years Gain about 8 inches in height, 45 pounds in weight Girls: begins between 10 and 11 years Gain about 6 inches in height, 35 pounds in weight Changes in body composition Changes in emotional maturity

16. Adolescence Adolescents Energy and protein Highest total calories and protein grams per day Vitamins and minerals Nutrients of concern Vitamin A Calcium Iron

18. Adolescence Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents Fitness and sports Provide catalyst for learning about nutrition and improve daily habits Acne Investigating the connections between diets and acne High-glycemic-index foods, fat intake, and fatty acid composition Eating disorders Become preoccupied with weight, appearance, and eating habits

19. Adolescence • Adolescent Obesity • Increased risk for • Developing high blood pressure • Abnormal blood glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes • Breathing problems, joint pain, and heartburn • Poor self-esteem • Metabolic syndrome

21. Adolescence • Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs • Period of experimentation • Alcohol and drug use may take priority over adequate food intake • Teens who use drugs are usually underweight and report poor appetites

22. Staying Young While Growing Older Age-related changes Weight and body composition Add fat; lose lean body mass Physical activity Reduced muscle and skeletal strength Immunity Decline in defense mechanisms Taste and smell Decline in sensitivity Gastrointestinal changes Reduced acid secretion; reduced motility

24. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Energy Reduced needs Decreased activity; decreased lean body mass Protein Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults

25. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Carbohydrate More likely to be lactose intolerant Fat Maintain moderate low-fat diet Water Reduced thirst response

26. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Vitamins of concern Vitamin D Needed for bone health, calcium balance Reduced skin synthesis, activation Higher needs B vitamins Reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12 Folate, B6, B12 may help reduce heart disease risk

28. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Antioxidants • Found in fruits and vegetables • Important to reduce oxidative stress and degenerative diseases • May protect against damage to the brain

29. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Minerals of concern Calcium Bone health Reduced ability to absorb calcium Zinc Marginal deficiencies likely May compromise immunity, wound healing Iron Elders may have limited intake

30. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Drug–drug and drug–nutrient interactions Can affect use of drugs or nutrients Possible interactions should be identified and avoided Depression May reduce food intake Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use

31. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Anorexia of aging Loss of appetite with illness Can lead to protein-energy malnutrition Arthritis May interfere with food preparation and eating Dietary changes may improve symptoms

32. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Bowel and bladder regulation Increased risk of urinary tract infection Chronic constipation more common with age Need for increased fluids and fiber Dental health May interfere with eating ability or food choices

33. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Vision problems Can affect ability to shop and cook Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration Osteoporosis Common in elders, especially women Maintain calcium, vitamin D, and exercise

34. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Alzheimer’s disease Affects ability to function Reduced taste and smell Risk for weight loss and malnutrition

35. Meal Management for Mature Adults Managing independently Wise eating for one or two Finding community resources Services for elders Meals on Wheels Elderly Nutrition Program Food Stamp Program