GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM Status and U.S. Policy Update

1. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMStatus and U.S. Policy Update XVI International Scientific and Technical Conference Gdynia, Poland October 22-24, 2008 Charles Daniels Senior Advisor, National Coordination Office United States of America

2. Overview Introduction Global Positioning System Modernization Plans U.S. Policy 2

3. Space-Based PNT Applications Impact A Wide Range of Economic Activities Satellite Operations Power Grid Management Communications Network Synchronization Trucking & Shipping Personal Navigation Fishing & Boating Aviation Surveying & Mapping Oil Exploration Precision Agriculture 4 3

4. Introduction Like the Internet, GPS is a critical component of the global information infrastructure Scalable applications enabling broad new capabilities Facilitating innovations in efficiency, safety, environmental protection, public security and science During the past decade, GPS has grown into a global utility providing space-based positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) Consistent, predictable, dependable policy and performance Augmentations improve performance 4

5. GPS Introduction • Owned and operated by the U.S. Government • Funded by U.S. taxpayers • Managed at a national level as a multi-use asset • Acquired and operated by the U.S. Air Force on behalf of the U.S. Government per US Law Title 10, Section 2281 • 30 years of operation – 1st launch February 1978 • GPS service is a one-way broadcast, like FM radio • Unlimited number of users • Civil GPS signals are free of direct user fees • Public domain documentation • Available on an equal basis to users and industry • Anyone in the world can develop GPS user equipment

6. Overview Introduction Global Positioning System Modernization Plans U.S. Policy 6

7. The Global Positioning System Baseline 24 satellite constellation in medium earth orbit Global coverage, 24 hours a day, all weather conditions Satellites broadcast precise time and orbit information on L-band radio frequencies Two types of signals: Standard (free of direct user fees) Precise (U.S. and Allied military) Three segments: Space Ground control User equipment 7

8. GPS Constellation Status 33 Satellites on Orbit 13 Block IIA 12 Block IIR 6 Block IIR-M 2 Block IIA Spares Next launchs: March 2009 – IIR-M 20 August 2009 – IIR-M 21 (Last IIR) October 2009 – 1st Launch of IIF 31 Healthy SatellitesAs of October 17, 2008 (Baseline Constellation: 24) 8

9. GPS Operational Control Segment (OCS) Alaska England Schriever AFB Colorado S Korea Vandenberg AFB California USNO Cape Canaveral Hawaii Bahrain Kwajalein Ecuador Tahiti Diego Garcia Ascension S Africa Argentina Australia New Zealand Ground Antenna Master Control Station OCS Monitor Station Monitor Station Backup Master Control Station NGA Monitor Station Ground Antenna Future Monitor Station Master Control Station (Schriever AFB) 9

10. GPS Signal in Space Performance 7 Performance Standard 6 5 4.6 4.3 4 RMS User Range Error (m) 3.0 2.7 Decreasing range error 3 2.1 1.8 2 1.5 1.1 .92 1 0 2007 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 1999 2001 2005 • Global GPS civil service performance commitment • continuously met since 1993 (15 yrs) 10

11. GPS SPS PS UPDATE COMPARISON OF GPS SPS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS * Green color indicates improvement in U.S. Government commitment to GPS civil service ** As measured and reported at web site (http://www.nstb.tc.faa.gov/) *** As measured and reported at web site (http://www.gps.afspc.af.mil/gpsoc/) 11

12. Differential GPS Networks Space-Based Augmentation Systems Global Differential GPS System International GNSS Service International Augmentations

13. Overview Introduction Global Positioning System Modernization Plans U.S. Policy 13

14. Recent GPS Improvements Launched 3 modernized satellites in past year Largest GPS constellation size ever Second Civil Signal (L2C) now on orbit Transitioned to modernized master control station Improved operational flexibility and responsiveness Added backup control station Expanded GPS ground network to triple amount of monitor data sent to control station 10-15% improvement in accuracy of GPS data broadcast 14

15. GPS Modernization Program Increasing System Capabilities w Increasing Defense / Civil Benefit Block IIA/IIR Block IIR-M, IIF Block III • Basic GPS • Standard Service • Single frequency (L1) • Coarse acquisition (C/A) code navigation • Precise Service • Y-Code (L1Y & L2Y) • Y-Code navigation • IIR-M: IIA/IIR capabilities plus • 2nd civil signal (L2C) • M-Code (L1M & L2M) • IIF: IIR-M capability plus • 3rd civil signal (L5) • Anti-jam flex power • Backward compatibility • 4th civil signal (L1C) • Increased accuracy • Increased anti-jam power • Assured availability • Navigation surety • Controlled integrity • Increased security • System survivability 15

16. Modernized GPS – New Signals • Second civil signal (“L2C”) • Designed to meet commercial needs • Higher accuracy through ionospheric correction • Began with GPS Block IIR-M in Sep 2005; 24 satellites: ~2014 • Third civil signal (“L5”) • Designed to meet demanding requirements for transportation safety (safety-of-life) • Uses highly protected Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service (ARNS) band • First launch: ~2009 (GPS IIR-M Demo); ~2009 (GPS IIF); 24 satellites: ~2016 • Fourth civil signal (“L1C”) • Designed with international partners to enable GNSS interoperability • Begins with GPS Block III; First launch: ~2014; 24 satellites: ~2021

17. Benefits of GPS Modernization • System-wide improvements in accuracy, availability, integrity, and reliability to: • Meet increasing civil, commercial and military demands • Higher standalone accuracy • More robust against interference • Provides separate more secure Military signal • Full capability of second (L2C) and third (L5) civil signals • Full Capability of L1C for interoperability with other GNSS • Improved indoor, mobile, and urban use

18. GPS III Update Contract for GPS III-A satellites awarded in May 08 Selective Availability feature to be eliminated First Launch 2013 Contracts for Next-Generation Operational Control Segment (OCX) awarded in January 08 Will implement full functionality of L2C and L5 Future increments of GPS III will incorporate additional capabilities As technology matures and new requirements are validated 18

19. Overview Introduction Global Positioning System Modernization Plans U.S. Policy 19

20. U.S. Policy History 1978: First GPS satellite launched 1983: U.S. President offers free civilian access to GPS 1996: U.S. policy establishes joint civil/military GPS management • 1997: U.S. Congress passes law that civil GPS shall be provided free of direct user fees • 2000: U.S. President set Selective Availability to “Zero” • 2004: U.S. President issues U.S. Policy on Space-Based PNT • 2007: U.S. President announces Selective Availability will no longer be built into modernized GPS III satellites 20

21. U.S. Policy Promotes Global Use of GPS Technology No direct user fees for civil GPS services Provided on a continuous, worldwide basis Open, public signal structures for all civil services Promotes equal access for user equipment manufacturing, applications development, and value-added services Encourages open, market-driven competition Global compatibility and interoperability with GPS Service improvements for civil, commercial, and scientific users worldwide Protection of radionavigation spectrum from disruption and interference 21

22. National Space-Based PNT Organization Defense Transportation State Interior NATIONALEXECUTIVE COMMITTEEFOR SPACE-BASED PNT Executive Steering Group Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation ADVISORY BOARD Sponsor: NASA Agriculture Commerce NATIONAL COORDINATION OFFICE Host: Commerce Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff NASA GPS International Working Group Chair: State Engineering Forum Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation WHITE HOUSE Ad HocWorking Groups 22

23. Keys to the Global Success of GPS Program Stability and Performance Civil service performance commitment met continuously since December 1993 Continuity of constellation and signals ensured through Air Force operation and acquisition Continuous improvements in accuracy, availability, etc. Funding through U.S. taxpayers Policy Stability and Transparency Open access to civil GPS signals, free of direct user fees Open, free, and stable technical documentation Market-based competition worldwide Liberal export controls on GPS user equipment National-level policy coordination including civil and military leaders Commercial Entrepreneurship and Investment 23

24. U.S. Cooperation Efforts • Cooperative relationships established with Europe, Japan, Russia, India, Australia • U.S. goals: • Compatibility and interoperability • National security • Level playing field in global markets • Multilateral cooperation • International Committee on GNSS • ICAO, IMO, NATO

25. Goal of Civil Interoperability Ideal interoperability provides users a PNT solution using signals from different GNSS systems • No additional receiver cost or complexity • No degradation in performance Interoperable = Better Together Than Separate

26. Summary • GPS performance is better than designed • New Civil GPS signal (L2C) now available on 6 satellites • Modernization will bring additional improvements in Accurary and Availability. • Implementing U.S. National Space-Based PNT Policy • National Executive Committee directly engaged • U.S. policy encourages and promotes worldwide use of civil GPS and augmentations International cooperation through GNSS compatibility and interoperability is a U.S. priority

27. For Additional Information… Briefing available at: http://PNT.gov 27

28. Contact Info Charles Daniels National Coordination Office for Space-Based PNT Washington, DC 20230 Tele: 202-482-6726 Email: charles.daniels@pnt.gov Web sites: http://pnt.gov http://gps.gov