Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis

1. Hole’s Human Anatomyand PhysiologyTwelfth EditionShier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 5 Tissues Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 5.1: Introduction • Similar cells with a common function are called tissues. • The study of tissues is called histology. • There are four (4) primary or major tissue types: • Epithelial Tissue • Connective Tissue • Muscle Tissue • Nervous Tissue

3. Intercellular Junctions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Tight junctions • Close space between cells • Located among cells that form linings Cell membrane Tight junction Cell membrane • Desmosomes • Form “spot welds” between cells • Located among outer skin cells Desmosome • Gap junctions • Tubular channels between cells • Located in cardiac muscle cells Cell membrane Gap junction

4. 5.2: Epithelial Tissue • General characteristics: • Cover organs and the body • Line body cavities • Line hollow organs • Have a free surface • Have a basement membrane • Are avascular • Cells readily divide • Cells tightly packed • Cells often have desmosomes • Function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion • Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

5. Epithelial Tissue • Simple squamous: • Single layer of flat cells • Substances pass easily through • Line air sacs • Line blood vessels • Line lymphatic vessels • Simple cuboidal: • Single layer of cube-shaped cells • Line kidney tubules • Cover ovaries • Line ducts of some glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Free surface of tissue Lumen Nucleus Simple squamous epithelium Basement membrane Basement Free surface of tissue Simple cuboidal epithelium Nucleus Connective tissue Connective tissue (a) (b) (a) (b) b,d: © Ed Reschke b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

6. Epithelial Tissue • Simple columnar: • Single layer of elongated cells • Nuclei usually near the basement • membrane, at same level • Sometimes possess cilia • Sometimes possess microvilli • Often have goblet cells • Line uterus, stomach, intestines • Pseudostratified columnar: • Single layer of elongated cells • Nuclei at two or more levels • Appears layered • Often have cilia • Often have goblet cells • Line respiratory passageways Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cilia (free surface of tissue) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cytoplasm Mucus Goblet cell Nucleus Nucleus Cytoplasm Basement membrane Microvilli (free surface of tissue) Connective tissue Goblet cell (a) (b) Basement membrane b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer Connective tissue (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer.

7. Epithelial Tissue • Stratified squamous: • Many cell layers • Top cells are flat • Can accumulate keratin • Outer layer of skin • Line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal • Stratified cuboidal: • 2-3 layers • Cube-shaped cells • Line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Free surface of tissue Stratified cuboidal epithelium Nucleus Squamous cells Lumen Free surface of tissue Basement membrane Connective tissue (a) (b) Layer of dividing cells Basement membrane b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer. Connective tissue (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

8. Epithelial Tissue • Transitional: • Many cell layers • Cube-shaped and elongated cells – can stretch • Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra • Stratified columnar: • Top layer of elongated cells • Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers • Line part of male urethra and part of pharynx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Free surface of tissue Unstretched transitional epithelium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lumen Basement membrane Free surface of tissue Underlying connective tissue Stratified columnar epithelium (a) (b) Basement membrane Free surface of tissue Connective tissue Stretched transitional epithelium (a) (b) Basement membrane Underlying connective tissue b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer (c) (d) b,d: © Ed Reschke

9. Glandular Epithelium • Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances • There are two (2) types: • Endocrineglands are ductless (key word: hormone) • Exocrineglands have ducts • Unicellularexocrine gland: • Composed of one cell • Goblet cell • Multicellularexocrine gland: • Composed of many cells • Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc. • Simple and compound

10. Structural Types of Exocrine Glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tissue surface Duct Secretory portion Simple tubular Simple coiled tubular Simple branched tubular Simple branched alveolar Compound tubular Compound alveolar

11. Types of Glandular Secretions • Merocrine Glands • Fluid product • Salivary glands • Pancreas • Sweat glands (also • called Eccrine) • Apocrine Glands • Cellular product • Portions of cells • Mammary glands • Ceruminous glands • Holocrine Glands • Secretory products • Whole cells • Sebaceous glands Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pinched off portion of cell (secretion) Disintegrating cell and its contents (secretion) Intact cell Secretion New cell forming by mitosis and cytokinesis (a) Merocrine gland (b) Apocrine gland (c) Holocrine gland

12. 5.3: Connective Tissues • General characteristics: • Most abundant tissue type • Many functions: • Bind structures • Provide support and protection • Serve as frameworks • Fill spaces • Store fat • Produce blood cells • Protect against infections • Help repair tissue damage • Have a matrix • Have varying degrees of vascularity • Have cells that usually divide

13. Connective Tissue Major Cell Types Present • Macrophages • Wandering cell • Phagocytic • Important in injury or infection • Fibroblasts • Fixed cell • Most common cell • Large, star-shaped • Produce fibers • Mast cells • Fixed cell • Release heparin • Release histamine

14. Connective Tissue Fiber Types Present • Collagenous fibers • Thick • Composed of collagen • Great tensile strength • Abundant in dense CT • Hold structures together • Tendons, ligaments • Elastic fibers • Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin • Fibers branch • Elastic (stretchy) • Vocal cords, air passages • Reticular fibers • Very thin collagenous fibers • Highly branched • Form supportive networks

15. Connective Tissues • Connective Tissue Proper: • Loose connective tissue • Adipose tissue • Reticular connective tissue • Dense connective tissue • Elastic connective tissue • Specialized Connective Tissue: • Cartilage • Bone • Blood

16. Connective Tissue Types • Loose Connective Tissue • Mainly fibroblasts • Fluid to gel-like matrix • Collagenous fibers • Elastic fibers • Bind skin to structures • Beneath most epithelia • Blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells • Between muscles • Adipose Tissue • Adipocytes • Cushions • Insulates • Stores fat • Beneath skin • Behind eyeballs • Around kidneys and heart Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cytsol Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fat droplet Cell membrane Collagenous fiber Fibroblast Nucleus (a) (b) Ground substance Elastic fiber b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

17. Connective Tissue Types • Reticular Connective Tissue • Composed of reticular fibers • Supports internal organ walls • Walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs • Dense Connective Tissue • Packed collagenous fibers • Elastic fibers • Few fibroblasts • Bind body parts together • Tendons, ligaments, dermis • Poor blood supply Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fibroblasts Collagenous fibers Collagenous fibers White blood cell (a) (b) Fibroblast (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

18. Connective Tissue Types • Elastic Connective Tissue • Abundant in elastic fibers • Some collagenous fibers • Fibroblasts • Attachments between bones • Walls of large arteries, airways, heart • Bone (Osseous Tissue) • Solid matrix • Supports • Protects • Forms blood cells • Attachment for muscles • Skeleton • Osteocytes in lacunae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Collagenous fibers Osteon Lamella Fibroblast Centralcanal Elastic fibers Osteocytein lacuna (a) (b) Canaliculi (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Osteocyte Nucleus 21 Cell process incanaliculus b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

19. Connective Tissue Types • Hyaline cartilage • Most abundant • Ends of bones • Nose, respiratory passages • Embryonic skeleton • Cartilage • Rigid matrix • Chondrocytes in lacunae • Poor blood supply • Three (3) types: • Hyaline Cartilage • Elastic Cartilage • Fibrocartilage • Elastic cartilage • Flexible • External ear, larynx • Fibrocartilage • Very tough • Shock absorber • Intervertebral discs • Pads of knee and pelvic girdle

20. Connective Tissue Types Three (3) types of cartilage: Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Elastic fibers Nucleus Nucleus Lacuna Lacuna Chondrocyte Chondrocyte Extracellular matrix Extracellular matrix (a) (b) (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lacuna Chondrocyte Nucleus Collagenous fiber Extracellular matrix (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Fibrocartilage

21. Connective Tissue Types • Blood • Fluid matrix called plasma • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets • Transports • Defends against infection • Involved in clotting • Throughout body in blood vessels • Heart Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. White blood cell Red blood cells Plasma (extracellular matrix of blood) Platelets (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

22. 5.4: Types of Membranes • There are four (4) types of epithelial membranes: • 1. Serous Membranes • Line body cavities that do not open to the outside • Reduce friction • Inner lining of thorax and abdomen • Cover organs of thorax and abdomen • Secrete serous fluid • 2. Mucous Membranes • Line tubes and organs that open to outside world • Lining of mouth, nose, throat, etc. • Secrete mucus • 3. Cutaneous Membranes • Covers body • Skin • 4. Synovial Membranes • Composed entirely of connective tissue • Lines joints

23. 5.5: Muscle Tissues • Skeletal muscle • Attached to bones • Striated • Voluntary • General characteristics: • Muscle cells also called muscle fibers • Contractile • Three (3) types: • Skeletal muscle • Smooth muscle • Cardiac muscle • Smooth muscle • Walls of organs • Skin • Walls of blood vessels • Involuntary • Non-striated • Cardiac muscle • Heart wall • Involuntary • Striated • Intercalated discs

24. Muscle Tissue Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Striations Cytoplasm Nucleus Nuclei Portion of a muscle fiber (a) (b) (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Striations Nucleus Intercalated disc (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Cardiac Muscle

25. 5.6: Nervous Tissue • Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves • Functional cells are neurons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cellular process • Neuroglial cells support and • bind nervous tissue components Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell membrane Neuroglial cells (a) (b) • Sensory reception b: © Ed Reschke. • Conduction of nerve impulses

26. Important Points in Chapter 5:Outcomes to be Assessed 5.1: Introduction • Describe a tissue, and explain the intercellular junctions found in tissues. • List the four major tissue types in the body. 5.2: Epithelial Tissues • Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue. • Name the types of epithelium and identify and organ in which each is found. • Explain how glands are classified. 5.3: Connective Tissues • Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue. • Compare and contrast the cellular components, structures, fibers, and extracellular matrix (where applicable) in each type of connective tissue.

27. Important Points in Chapter 5:Outcomes to be Assessed • Describe the major functions of each type of connective tissue. 5.4: Types of Membranes • Describe and locate each of the four types of membranes. 5.5: Muscle Tissues • Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue. 5.6: Nervous Tissues • Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissue.