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Social Psychology II

Social Psychology II. Altruism: Helping others. Social Facilitation and Optimizing behaviors. Work harder and better in groups Generally true Sometimes, however, it works the other way Explanation: Social facilitation when the task is well learned

MikeCarlo
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Social Psychology II

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  1. Social Psychology II

  2. Altruism: Helping others

  3. Social Facilitation and Optimizing behaviors • Work harder and better in groups • Generally true • Sometimes, however, it works the other way • Explanation: • Social facilitation when the task is well learned • Social inhibition when task is not well learned •  Social loafing: • think have no responsibility so don’t do any work! • social loafing: tendency to put less effort when working in group than when working alone • De-individuation: loss of individuality that comes from working in a group

  4. Bystander intervention • Less likely to intervene and assist someone when in crowd • Kitty Genovesse (1964) • replicated- smoke filled room • Data show that •   more likely to take action when alone •   more likely to assist when with friend than stranger • Diffusion of responsibility: •   if you feel responsible- you take action • ambiguous responsibility- you not do anything

  5. Influences on helping • Situational ambiguity • Perceived cost • Diffusion of responsibility • Similarity to yourself • Facial features • Mood • Gender and race • Attributions to the cause and need • Social norms

  6. Factors determining whether you help • Recognizing need for help exists • Interpret event as clear emergency • Assume personal responsibility • Choose a way to help • Implement the decision • Offer assistance

  7. Prejudice

  8. Prejudice and Discrimination • Prejudice; a negative, unjustifiable and inflexible attitude toward a group  and its members based on erroneous information • Three important elements: • negative or hostile feelings towards ALL members of a group • based on inaccurate or incomplete information • great resistance to change, even in face of contradictory   evidence • Discrimination is •   behavioral response to prejudice •   treat group as prejudice dictates

  9. Causes of Prejudice • Outgroups vs Ingroups • Ingroups = tendency to see one's own group in more favorable   light • Outgroup = tendency to see groups outside one's own group   in less favorable light • Prejudice becomes most intense when placed in situations  where can make us vs them comparisons

  10. Causes of Prejudice • Competition between groups •   compete for limited resources, esp. jobs •   as intergroup competition increases, more hostility,   aggression, conflict and prejudice

  11. Causes of Prejudice • Frustration and scapegoating • as an individual and/or group becomes frustrated, may look   for victim to blame • frustration = lack of access to goal • scapegoat = individual or group on whom to blame lack of   access •  Modeling: learned prejudice

  12. Prejudiced Personality • Cold, rigid • Intolerant • Unquestioning submission to higher authority • Stereotyped thinking • Identification w/powers prone to prejudicial thinking • Characteristics of prejudicial personality childhood: • parents were harsh disciplinarians • parents used threats, physical punishment, fear or reprisals to enforce desired behaviors • was not permitted to express anger/aggressive behaviors • love often with held or made contingent upon being "good“ •   felt hostile toward parents, but also fearful of their   authority

  13. How Change? • Eliminate or de-accentuate between-group differences • Move away from us vs them mentality • Accentuate how are similar or have similar needs • Decrease competition between groups for same resources • Increased economic growth • More resources • Decrease levels of frustration to avoid scape goating • Teach individuals how to succeed- not be learned helpless • Change the system • Identify prejudiced personalities and work with  

  14. Human Aggression

  15. Factors in human aggression • Possibly instinctual • Biological influence • Learning • Sociocultural influences • Alcohol use • Emotional influence • Environmental influences

  16. Conformity

  17. Conformity •  Tendency to do what others in group are doing simply to go along •  Important that whole group conforms- less conformity if one dissentor 

  18. Asch (1951) study •     Line discrimination- Mueller Lyer task •   6 subjects, really only 1 cause 5 confederates •   found conformity on 34% of trials • Subjects went along with group rather than give truthful answer.

  19. Stanford Prison study: •   24 Stanford undergrad males •   Simulated prison, some are guards, some prisoners •   Supposed to run 2 weeks, stopped after 1 weekend •    prisoners became robotic, dehumanized, aggressed  towards guards •    guards became brutal and vicious • Social demands elicited behavioral responses.

  20. Eye of the storm • Third grade teacher in Iowa in 1968 • Just after MLK was assassinated • Children had never seen a racial minority and didn’t understand the riots, etc.  • Had to create a discrimination, so used eye color • brown eyes vs blue eyes • Blue first, then brown, got special privileges due to their eye color •  Kids who were friends turned on each other • Great example of how prejudice and discrimination can begin

  21. Why do some people conform more? • People assume majority must be correct • Concerned more with being liked by group than being right • Easier to go along with the group than stand up

  22. Compliance

  23.   Authority • Obeying another's command or request • Authority • Degree to which believe an individual has control over you can change the degree to which you can comply •  Obedience

  24. Milgram study (1963) • P111 students • paid $4.50 • Supposedly random assignment • Learners and teachers •   learners received increasing shocks for errors: 13-300v •   teachers gave the shocks •   Wanted to see how far could get teachers to go- how far   comply •   Really no shocks ever given, learner = confederate

  25. Results: •  65% completed series- killed learner • Compared Yale vs. Slum/gang kids: • Less compliance in slum • Why? • Ethical problems with study (ya think!?!) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcXb1aQruwI

  26. Real World Examples: • Real world: •   Hitler •   Vietnam •   Manson killings •   Rodney King incident •  Special attention also can change behaviors: •   Called the Hawthorn effect: •   Any manipulation resulted in increased work output

  27.   Two ways to get individuals to comply • Foot in the door • Door in the Face

  28. Foot in the Door Effect • Start w/small request and increase size of request • Billboard study •   Started w/small request for donations •   Asked if could put sign in yard •   Kept increasing until asked to put up billboard •   Those who initially gave more likely to allow it • Individuals strived to be consistent in behavior

  29. Door in Face Effect • Start w/huge request, then modify down • Volunteer for big thing, then little favor •  Why work? Self concept •    feel bad about denying request •    more likely to then do smaller task

  30. Problem: Reactance: • If too much pressure, individual may do the opposite • E.g. in Vietnam: soldiers killed commanding officers when  pushed too hard

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