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Chapter 11: In the Beginning Stages of Development

Chapter 11: In the Beginning Stages of Development. The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy Irvin Yalom, Ph.D. Stages of Development. What type of stages development do you think occur in a group? How would it affect you as a leader to know that such stages exist?

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Chapter 11: In the Beginning Stages of Development

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  1. Chapter 11: In the BeginningStages of Development The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy Irvin Yalom, Ph.D

  2. Stages of Development • What type of stages \ development do you think occur in a group? • How would it affect you as a leader to know that such stages exist? • What would each one entail? • Do you handle each stage the same?

  3. FORMATIVE STAGES • 1. Each person begins to manifest themselves interpersonally, each creating their own social microcosm. • 2. This along with maladaptive personality styles lead to a great variance in how the course of group will unfold. • Yet some crude but useful schemas of developmental stages can be extracted from a few empirical studies

  4. FORMATIVE STAGES • 1. Initial stage -in vs out • orientation & search for structure & goals, dependency on leader and concern for group boundaries • 2.Conflict & Dominance - top vs bottom • 3. Intermember Harmony- near vs far • -submerging diff • -later more cohesive & interpersonal investigation

  5. INITIAL STAGE • Tasks • A. How to achieve primary goal • B. Pts must attend to social relations in group in order create niche for themselves • -This will provide comfort to achieve primary task • -The pleasure of group membership • in vs out

  6. INITIAL STAGE • MEMBERS • -confused by the use of Group Therapy • =silence • -seek roles & size each other up • -fear of rejection • -tentative conversations • -group norms=shared beliefs about behaviors • -social forces lead to allot of energy spent of get approval

  7. INITIAL STAGE • they focus on who-leader. • -Yalom = human need for a omnipresent & omniscient figure • -Hidden Agenda • -Early conflict can= less cohesiveness • -Communication Style= social cocktail hour (?) • -look for similarities= cohesiveness • -Advice giving = not functional except for increased cohesiveness

  8. LEADER • -Self vs Group Focus • -Here & Now Focus VS There & Then • -Trust VS Mistrust= self disclosure • -Modeling w Co leader & Group • -Increase Trust • --attend & listen • =nonverbal • =empathy • =self disclosure • =respect

  9. Group norms= • shared beliefs about behaviors • For example: • you can self disclose but retain privacy • you discuss problems but don’t have to have a cathartic experience • your therapeutic work is not to be judged

  10. There are Explicit & Implicit norms • Implicit norms are modeled by the leaders • Explicit norms are for instance: • attendance, punctuality • be self disclosing • be open to feedback • focus on here and now • bring concerns they are willing to discuss • provide support to others • look at themselves • to attend to others • Division of Responsibility • too high undermine members • to low poor role model (i.e. I'm responsible for me you for you) • Degree of Structure • reduce unnecessary floundering and maximizing full participation

  11. Division of Responsibility: • too high undermine members • to low poor role model (i.e. I'm responsible for me you for you) • Degree of Structure: • reduce unnecessary floundering and maximizing full participation

  12. Opening session: • generally it is to warm when you open instead of jumping right in • e.g. • a check in process • have member review previous week • any unresolved feeling from the previous session • have new members introduce themselves or have vets reflect on what they have learned.

  13. Guidelines for closing: • summarize • have members summarize • homework • assign a question • ask for topics they would like to explore • have members give each other feedback

  14. Second stage: • Conflict dominance rebellion • NOTE-forming storming norming performing • search meaning • top vs bottom • near vs far • feel free to judge • hostility to therapist =inevitable • resistance=above • in part due to their expectations

  15. -trouble sharing therapist & more time for me • -expectations unreal - p298 • -primal-horde • -attack • therapists can have 2 reactions -put neck out & aloof if p301

  16. Third Stage • Group Cohesiveness • increase morale trust & self disclosure reveal real reason • intimacy & closeness • Group Cohesiveness • sense of togetherness • this typically comes after addressing some conflict or issue together • invite to be active

  17. share the leadership • conflicts are inevitable and may facilitate cohesiveness if handled properly • do not categorize yourself • PROBLEMS 308

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