RAT4: Quiz Cognitive Dissonance and Attitudes SPA1

1. RAT4: QuizCognitive Dissonance and Attitudes (+SPA1) INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the correct answer as a team. When I say go, hold up your selection using the cards. Highest scoring team gets 1 extra points on team portion of the test.

2. 1. Research has revealed that not all inconsistent cognitions are equally upsetting. Those inconsistencies that are most powerful and upsetting involve a. a threat to one�s self-esteem. b. inconsistencies between experiences and expectations. c. inconsistencies among powerful attitudes. d. the validation of one�s negative self-image.

3. 1.A

4. 2. �Live fast and die young, that�s what I always say,� Rosie pronounces, as she stuffs down three more Ding- Dong snack cakes and opens another pint of high-fat ice cream. Rosie knows that her diet is unhealthy and harmful, of course. To reduce her dissonance, Rosie is a. changing her behavior to bring it in line with her cognitions. b. changing a problem cognition to make it more consonant with her behavior. c. adding a cognition that is consonant with her problem behavior. d. engaging in self-affirmation to combat cognitive dissonance.

5. 2. C

6. 3. Chloe debated for a long time about whether to take a psychology or a sociology course, both of which looked interesting. She finally chose the psychology course. Now, because she is experiencing ____________, she raves about the psychology course to her friends. a. insufficient justification b. post-decision dissonance c. a justification of effort d. a threat to self-evaluation maintenance.

7. 3. B

8. 4. According to the authors, every time we make a decision, we experience some amount of dissonance. Why? a. After people invest effort, they are motivated to second-guess themselves. b. The rejected alternative is seldom completely positive. c. The chosen alternative is seldom completely positive. d. People seldom seek out objective information before decision-making.

9. 4. C

10. 5. In which case is lowballing least likely to work? a. Jeremy is lowballed after he puts a down payment on a car which he has been planning to buy for months. b. Cassie is lowballed after she spends thirty minutes filling out contracts on her car purchase. c. Tess is lowballed, and although before the lowball she could get the car she wanted for $50 less at the dealer she chose, after the lowball she would save $800 if she backed out of her deal. d. Philip is lowballed, and he�s in a hurry to close the deal because he�s trying to finish it on his lunch break.

11. 5. C

12. 6. According to results of dissonance studies, who is more likely to believe that lying is truly a heinous, unconscionable, and unforgivable act? a. Mark, who was tempted to lie, but told the truth instead b. Dan, who has always told the truth c. Bill, who lies quite often d. Julius, who knew he should tell the truth, but lied instead

13. 6. A

14. 7. Based on information from the authors of your text about cognitive dissonance and immoral behavior, which of the following people would be most likely to condone having an extramarital affair? a. Sarah, who is not married b. Jessie, who cheated on her husband long ago, but didn�t get caught c. Laura, who is faithful to her husband d. any of these

15. 7. C

16. 8. People are unlikely to change their attitudes after saying something they don�t truly believe if there is______ for the lie a. insufficient justification b. external justification c. post-decision regret d. insufficient rationalization

17. 8. B

18. 9. Who is most likely to enjoy a boring and lackluster rock & roll concert performed by washed-up, fifty something �has beens�? a. Paul, who won the tickets in a radio trivia quiz b. Mick, who waited in line all night for tickets c. Keith, who got the tickets for his birthday from his Aunt Bertha d. Rod, who used to work as a soundman for the band

19. 9. B

20. 10. Assume that in experiments conducted by Elliot Aronson and his colleagues (1991, 1993), Sally was randomly assigned to write and deliver a pro-condom speech to be shown to high school students. She also listed all the times she found it awkward or impossible to use condoms in her sexual encounters. After completing these tasks, Sally reduced her dissonance by reporting a greater willingness to use condoms in her future sexual activities. Why? She a. was embarrassed by the tasks, and wanted to please the experimenters. b. felt like a hypocrite, and changed her attitude to reduce the dissonance. c. changed her attitude to convince the experimenters to destroy her videotape. d. felt a like a hypocrite and maintained her attitude to maintain dissonance.

21. 10. B

22. 11. According to the principle of insufficient punishment, which of the following parental techniques should be most effective in changing a child�s behavior permanently (i.e., even behavior that occurs in the absence ofthe parent)? a. ignoring the child�s troublesome behavior b. threat of severe punishment c. threat of mild punishment d. severe punishment

23. 11. C

24. 12.Why are affectively based attitudes so resistant to logical persuasive attempts to change them? Affectivelybased attitudes are a. often linked to values, which are difficult to change. b. governed by knowledge of the issues. c. the result of the same illogical source. d. acquired by automatic processes.

25. 12. C

26. 13. When people infer an attitude from their observations of how they behave toward an object, they have a(n) a. affectively based attitude. b. behaviorally based attitude. c. cognitively based attitude. d. explicit attitude.

27. 13. B

28. 14. Counter attitudinal advocacy results in attitude change when a. there is minimal external justification for the statement. b. there is minimal internal justification for the statement. c. the attitude is accessible. d. the attitude is initially very strong.

29. 14. A

30. 15. When people listen carefully to a persuasive communication and think about the arguments, they are using the _____ route to persuasion. a. peripheral b. heuristic c. central d. direct

31. 15. C

32. 16. It can be tricky to use fear-arousing communication properly; a moderate amount can lead people to________ and too much can lead people to ___________. a. become defensive; be persuaded through the peripheral route b. be persuaded through the central route; become defensive c. be persuaded through the peripheral route; be persuaded through the central route d. become bored and lose interest; be defensive about their beliefs

33. 16. B

34. 17. Why is it, in the study by Cialdini and his colleagues (1990), that a single piece of trash is more effective at reducing litter than a perfectly clean landscape? a. It signifies the injunctive norm of not littering. b. It is a huge eyesore that prompts people to pick up after themselves and others. c. It sticks out in a clean area and reminds others not to be careless. d. It creates a descriptive norm of some allowable litter.

35. 17. C

36. 28. Recall that researchers (Dickerson et al., 1992) asked some students on the way to a field house shower tosign a petition advocating water conservation, others to report on their water use, and others to do both. Thosewho both reported their water use and signed the petition took shorter showers than those students in the othertwo conditions because a. the intervention took too long and they had to hurry. b. they were reminded that they were not practicing what they preached. c. they became more aware of how much water they used. d. they made a public commitment to conserve water.

37. 28. B