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Reminder of what we are talking about

Reminder of what we are talking about. Wildlife has value for humans Economic Recreational Intrinsic Influences how we interact with wildlife. Non-consumptive Use of Wildlife. Non-consumptive Use. Any non-hunting or non-extractive use

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Reminder of what we are talking about

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  1. Reminder of what we are talking about Wildlife has value for humans • Economic • Recreational • Intrinsic Influences how we interact with wildlife

  2. Non-consumptive Use of Wildlife

  3. Non-consumptive Use • Any non-hunting or non-extractive use • Examples: wildlife feeding & photography, bird watching, whale watching

  4. Non-consumptive Use Sources of information • Based on USFWS’s series of National Surveys of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation • One of the Nation's most important wildlife recreation databases (since 1955) • Conducted by US Census Bureau every 5 years • Sample of 85,000 households • Funded by the 1937 Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act • http://federalasst.fws.gov/surveys/surveys.html

  5. 2006 Survey Highlights • Over 87 million U.S. residents 16 years old and older fished, hunted, or wildlife watched • 29.9 million people fished • 12.5 million hunted • 71.1 million participated in at least one type of wildlife-watching activity including observing, feeding, or photographing wildlife (non-incidental activity)

  6. 2006 Survey Highlights • 31% of the U.S. population fed, observed, or photographed wildlife • 13% increase from 1996 to 2006 • 10% decrease in hunting • 15% decrease in fishing • Expenditures for wildlife-watching equipment (binoculars, cameras, etc.) increased by 20% and for wildlife-watching trips by 40%

  7. Wildlife Watching Participation Rates

  8. Wildlife Watching Participation: Pacific Region

  9. Wildlife Watching Trends 1996-2006 - + + + Around home Away from home

  10. Wildlife watching expenditures • Hunters and fishermen spent $75 billion • Wildlife watchers spent $45 billion • Total = $120 billion, or 1% of US gross domestic product

  11. Wildlife watching: equipment & expenses Trip-Related Expenditures • Food • Lodging • Transportation • Cars, boats, pack animals • Guides • Land use Fees • Equipment rental

  12. Wildlife watching: equipment & expenses Equipment • Binoculars, spotting scopes • Cameras • Backpacking equipment • Special clothing • Field guides & maps • Tents and camping equipment • Blinds Nest boxes, bird houses, feeders, baths Other Expenditures • Magazines, books • Land leasing and ownership • Membership dues and contributions

  13. Wildlife Watching & Photography • Take a class • Hire a guide • Join a group • No trespassing • Don’t disturb natural behaviors – keep your distance

  14. Wildlife Photography Tips •  Telephoto lenses • Patience - practice low-impact photography • Photograph in controlled wildlife management areas • Use captive and conditioned animals at zoos / game farms

  15. Wildlife Watching in WA

  16. Principles of Birding Ethicsof the American Birding Association • Promote the welfare of birds and their environment • Protect habitats, stay on trails • Avoid incurring stress or danger • Respect the law and the rights of others • No trespassing • Ensure that feeders, nest structures, and other artificial bird environments are safe • Group birding requires special care • Respect other recreationists

  17. Feeding Wildlife • "People" food is not formulated for animal consumption • When animals learn that humans can provide a cheap and easy food source, they often lose their natural fear of humans

  18. Feeding Wildlife • Feeding wildlife from vehicles • Traffic hazards • Costly property damage • Animals dependent on human food sources • Gather in abnormally large numbers • Spread disease • Backyard wildlife feeding • keep feeders clean • keep cats indoors

  19. Domestic cats . . . • > 90 million pet cats in U.S. • Free-roaming cats kill hundreds of millions small wildlife each year!

  20. Why Landscape for Wildlife? • Watching wildlife can be fun and relaxing • Provide refuge for wildlife • Restore habitats • Reduce the use of chemicals, conserve energy and water, and compost to help improve air, water and soil quality

  21. Landscaping for Wildlife Food- Plant native forbs, shrubs, and trees provides foliage, nectar, pollen, berries, seeds, and nuts- Provide feeders (seeds, suet, nuts)

  22. Landscaping for Wildlife Water • Natural features: ponds, lakes, rivers, springs, oceans, wetlands • Human-made features: bird baths, puddling areas for butterflies, installed ponds, rain gardens

  23. Landscaping for Wildlife Cover • Sheltered places to hide and take young to be safe from people, predators, and inclement weather • Shrubs, thickets, brush piles, dead trees

  24. Landscaping for Wildlife Places to raise young • Nest boxes • Bat boxes • Dead trees

  25. Landscaping for Wildlife Sustainable gardening • Mulch • Reduce lawn area • Rain barrels • Remove invasive plants • Add native plants • Reduce or eliminate use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers • Compost • Shrubs, thickets, brush piles, dead trees

  26. Top 10 native plants for feeding WA wildlife • Douglas Fir • Oregon White Oak • Western Serviceberry • Hollyleaf Oregon-grape • Blue Elderberry • Salal • Salmonberry • Hooker’s Evening Primrose • Red Columbine • Beach Strawberry

  27. Ecotourism • Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people (The International Ecotourism Society)

  28. Ecotourism Principles • minimize impact • build environmental and cultural awareness and respect • provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts • provide direct financial benefits for conservation • provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people • raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate

  29. Ecotourism • Most of tourism expansion in and around world’s last remaining natural areas (UN Environment Programme and Conservation International) • Rapid loss of unique ecosystems damages the livelihoods of some of the world’s poorest people and drives unique biodiversity to extinction - Tourism provides a unique and valuable tool to addressing these challenges (Conservation International)

  30. Ecotourism • Tourists willing to pay more for responsible ecotourism • Ecotourists invest more in local economy • Ecotourism is growing 10% / year . . . Opportunity for good

  31. Ecotourism in Cambodia • Sam Veasna Center: alliance between Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodian government and communities

  32. Ecotourism in Cambodia Sam Veasna Center: alliance between Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodian government and communities • Local employment • Donations from ecotourism • Agricultural assistance, fish ponds, rice banks • Available when commitment to not kill wildlife and to follow land use plan • Conservation fieldwork grants

  33. Sarus Crane, Grus antigone

  34. Ecotourism • Be a responsible consumer • Choose wisely – are the places you go eco-certified? • How are fees allocated? • Not a perfect system – lots of ways to have a break down • Ecotourism operations come in shades of gray • Don’t actually invest fully in conservation or community • Displacement of people • Resource harvesting for subsistence • Illegal poaching • Carbon collection • Wood

  35. Potential negative effects of wildlife watching • Direct • Feeding patterns • social structure • communication • Indirect • Species introductions, more roads/facilities, increased predation, increased pollution

  36. Implications of Wildlife Watching • Supplements traditional funding for wildlife, which alone is inadequate • Engages the public into conservation efforts • May help or hinder wildlife populations, depending on activity

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