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Biodiversity at the World Bank. Dr Kathy MacKinnon Lead Biodiversity Specialist Environment Department The World Bank February 2006. 1.World Bank Support for Biodiversity 1988-2005. $5.1 billion (492 projects) 250+ PA projects ($3.3b) 105 countries, 37 multi-country
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Biodiversity at the World Bank Dr Kathy MacKinnon Lead Biodiversity Specialist Environment Department The World Bank February 2006
1.World Bank Support for Biodiversity 1988-2005 • $5.1 billion (492 projects) • 250+ PA projects ($3.3b) • 105 countries, 37 multi-country • 35% IBRD & IDA lending • 21% GEF • 50%+ forest ecosystems
3. Amazon Basin • Amazon Region Protected Areas • Strengthen 12.5 m ha PAs • New 28.5 m ha PAs in Amazon rainforest • Est. Tumucumaque 1.9m ha • Rain Forest Trust Fund ($124m) • Indigenous Lands – land titling • Extractive reserves
4. East Asia • Kerinci-Seblat ICDP (1.4m ha), Indonesia • Virachey N.P. Cambodia (indigenous mapping) • Forest protection & Rural Development, Central Highlands, Vietnam (ICDP) • Indonesia Tsunami Rebuilding - $17.5 m for protection of Leuser Ecosystem, Aceh
5. Congo Basin • Congo - Wildlands Protection and Management • Regional Environmental Information and Mapping (REIMP) • Cameroon Biodiversity Conservation and Management • Forest sector reform Cameroon (DPL) • Forest sector reform DRC, including PA support • Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG) –ministerial agreements
6. Eastern Europe & Central Asia • Russia Far East - Sustainable Forestry • Khabarovsky Habitat Protection -tigers • Central Asia Transboundary (West Tien Shan) • Eastern Caucasus – Georgia • Azerbaijan PAs
7. Large Landscape - Regional Partnerships in MesoAmerica THE MABC Initiative: 2001-2004 Components provide the “glue” to national conservation efforts • 2. PROMOTION • /COMMUNICATION • STRATEGY 1. MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING TOOLS 3. MAINSTREAMING 4. CAPACITY BUILDING
8. Marine Conservation • Large Marine Ecosystems, MPAs, ICZM • COREMAP, Komodo, Indonesia • MesoAmerican Barrier Reef System • Coral Reef Targeted Research
9. Strategic Partnerships • Global partnerships (GEF, CBD and other international agreements), Millennium Ecosystem Assessment • CGIAR network - CIFOR • NGO Partnerships: WWF/World Bank Alliance for Forests, Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund, Global Invasive Species Programme, Forest Trends, EcoAgriculture, Alliance of Religions and Conservation. • Partnerships with private sector: CEOs Forum on Forests, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, IFC. • Local Language Field Guides Program (99 guides)
2005 targets: 50 million hectares of new protected areas 50 m ha more effectively managed Pas 200 m ha sustainably managed forest Achievements: 28.5 m ha Amazon rainforest (ARPA, Brazil) Certification for SFM in Vietnam Tools for PA management effectiveness 10. Bank/WWF Global Forest Alliance
Conservation International (CI), Global Environment Facility (GEF), World Bank, Govt. of Japan, MacArthur Foundation $125m – 15 hotspots (from 19 eligible) $73 million grants awarded 570 partners in 34 countries Next: W Ghats, Sri Lanka, Indochina 11. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF)
12. Challenges & Opportunities • Conservation Finance • Measuring biodiversity impact • Logging & wildlife trade • Biodiversity-poverty linkages • Payments for Ecosystem Services • Invasive alien species
13. Conservation Finance • Conservation Trust Funds for Protected Areas - Peru, Bolivia, Bhutan, Uganda • Vietnam Conservation Fund • Direct payments to maintain wildlife corridors (Kenya) • Tradable development rights - Brazil
14. Measuring Biodiversity Impact • Simple tools to use at project sites e.g. PA management effectiveness tool • RAPPAM – network level • Simple tools for assessing SFM • Biodiversity impact in production landscape e.g. impact of agricultural practices.
15. Logging and Wildlife Trade • Well managed forests - effective extension of the conservation estate, supplementing PA network • FLEG: AFR, EAP, ECA –illegal logging (costs up to $5 billion annually in lost revenues) • Analysis of wildlife trade (East Asia, Congo Basin) • Costs & benefits of improved regulation to stop wildlife harvesting in forest concessions • Improved certification to include biodiversity
16. Poverty-Biodiversity Linkages • Forest governance and management systems to increase benefits to local communities • Synergies between biodiversity and community benefits (problems with ICDPs – what are win-wins?) • Lessons learned and BP for SFM and community forestry • Protected Areas and Indigenous Peoples, how to generate social and conservation outcomes • Ecosystem services to generate benefits for forest stewardship
17. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) • Linking forest protection to downstream agriculture e.g. Madagascar (additional 6m ha protected) • Ecomarkets project in Costa Rica • Integrated Silvopastoral approach to ecosystem management (Colombia, Nicaragua, Costa Rica) • Carbon Funds, especially BioCarbon Fund • Effective mechanisms to generate sufficient short-term returns for long-term protection
18. Invasive Alien Species 2nd greatest threat to biodiversity, esp. on islands • Reduce crop yields, Land degradation • Ecosystems services, water quality & quantity • Reduce lifespan of development investments, choke irrigation canals, HEP dams • Impact on poorest sections of society….. • Bank support to GISP secretariat & program • IAS projects: Lake Victoria, Mauritius, Seychelles
19. Invasive Alien Species Constraints to Development Annual Costs • Australia US$ 13 billion • Brazil US$ 50 billion • India US$ 116 billion • South Africa US$ 7 billion • UK US$ 12 billion • USA US$140 billion • (Source: Pimentel et al. 2001, National Geographic 2005)
20. IAS and Forestry • Deliberate & accidental introductions, including “Aid trade” • Rapid growth, tolerant of range of conditions • 653 woody species invasive e.g. Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora • 22 of 43 worst invasives S. Africa –forestry, e.g. black wattle (estimated costs $1426 million) • Solutions linked to poverty alleviation – who gains, who loses? • Working for Water ($100m/annually to remove invasives)
Biodiversity at the World Bank • For more information please visit: www.worldbank.org/biodiversity