Biodiversity at the World Bank

1. Biodiversity at the World Bank Dr Kathy MacKinnon Lead Biodiversity Specialist Environment Department The World Bank February 2006

2. 1.World Bank Support for Biodiversity 1988-2005 • $5.1 billion (492 projects) • 250+ PA projects ($3.3b) • 105 countries, 37 multi-country • 35% IBRD & IDA lending • 21% GEF • 50%+ forest ecosystems

3. 2. FY05 Bank Biodiversity projects $5.1 billion

4. 3. Amazon Basin • Amazon Region Protected Areas • Strengthen 12.5 m ha PAs • New 28.5 m ha PAs in Amazon rainforest • Est. Tumucumaque 1.9m ha • Rain Forest Trust Fund ($124m) • Indigenous Lands – land titling • Extractive reserves

5. 4. East Asia • Kerinci-Seblat ICDP (1.4m ha), Indonesia • Virachey N.P. Cambodia (indigenous mapping) • Forest protection & Rural Development, Central Highlands, Vietnam (ICDP) • Indonesia Tsunami Rebuilding - $17.5 m for protection of Leuser Ecosystem, Aceh

6. 5. Congo Basin • Congo - Wildlands Protection and Management • Regional Environmental Information and Mapping (REIMP) • Cameroon Biodiversity Conservation and Management • Forest sector reform Cameroon (DPL) • Forest sector reform DRC, including PA support • Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG) –ministerial agreements

7. 6. Eastern Europe & Central Asia • Russia Far East - Sustainable Forestry • Khabarovsky Habitat Protection -tigers • Central Asia Transboundary (West Tien Shan) • Eastern Caucasus – Georgia • Azerbaijan PAs

8. 7. Large Landscape - Regional Partnerships in MesoAmerica THE MABC Initiative: 2001-2004 Components provide the “glue” to national conservation efforts • 2. PROMOTION • /COMMUNICATION • STRATEGY 1. MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING TOOLS 3. MAINSTREAMING 4. CAPACITY BUILDING

9. 8. Marine Conservation • Large Marine Ecosystems, MPAs, ICZM • COREMAP, Komodo, Indonesia • MesoAmerican Barrier Reef System • Coral Reef Targeted Research

10. 9. Strategic Partnerships • Global partnerships (GEF, CBD and other international agreements), Millennium Ecosystem Assessment • CGIAR network - CIFOR • NGO Partnerships: WWF/World Bank Alliance for Forests, Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund, Global Invasive Species Programme, Forest Trends, EcoAgriculture, Alliance of Religions and Conservation. • Partnerships with private sector: CEOs Forum on Forests, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, IFC. • Local Language Field Guides Program (99 guides)

11. 2005 targets: 50 million hectares of new protected areas 50 m ha more effectively managed Pas 200 m ha sustainably managed forest Achievements: 28.5 m ha Amazon rainforest (ARPA, Brazil) Certification for SFM in Vietnam Tools for PA management effectiveness 10. Bank/WWF Global Forest Alliance

13. Conservation International (CI), Global Environment Facility (GEF), World Bank, Govt. of Japan, MacArthur Foundation $125m – 15 hotspots (from 19 eligible) $73 million grants awarded 570 partners in 34 countries Next: W Ghats, Sri Lanka, Indochina 11. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF)

14. 12. Challenges & Opportunities • Conservation Finance • Measuring biodiversity impact • Logging & wildlife trade • Biodiversity-poverty linkages • Payments for Ecosystem Services • Invasive alien species

15. 13. Conservation Finance • Conservation Trust Funds for Protected Areas - Peru, Bolivia, Bhutan, Uganda • Vietnam Conservation Fund • Direct payments to maintain wildlife corridors (Kenya) • Tradable development rights - Brazil

16. 14. Measuring Biodiversity Impact • Simple tools to use at project sites e.g. PA management effectiveness tool • RAPPAM – network level • Simple tools for assessing SFM • Biodiversity impact in production landscape e.g. impact of agricultural practices.

17. 15. Logging and Wildlife Trade • Well managed forests - effective extension of the conservation estate, supplementing PA network • FLEG: AFR, EAP, ECA –illegal logging (costs up to $5 billion annually in lost revenues) • Analysis of wildlife trade (East Asia, Congo Basin) • Costs & benefits of improved regulation to stop wildlife harvesting in forest concessions • Improved certification to include biodiversity

18. 16. Poverty-Biodiversity Linkages • Forest governance and management systems to increase benefits to local communities • Synergies between biodiversity and community benefits (problems with ICDPs – what are win-wins?) • Lessons learned and BP for SFM and community forestry • Protected Areas and Indigenous Peoples, how to generate social and conservation outcomes • Ecosystem services to generate benefits for forest stewardship

19. 17. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) • Linking forest protection to downstream agriculture e.g. Madagascar (additional 6m ha protected) • Ecomarkets project in Costa Rica • Integrated Silvopastoral approach to ecosystem management (Colombia, Nicaragua, Costa Rica) • Carbon Funds, especially BioCarbon Fund • Effective mechanisms to generate sufficient short-term returns for long-term protection

20. 18. Invasive Alien Species 2nd greatest threat to biodiversity, esp. on islands • Reduce crop yields, Land degradation • Ecosystems services, water quality & quantity • Reduce lifespan of development investments, choke irrigation canals, HEP dams • Impact on poorest sections of society….. • Bank support to GISP secretariat & program • IAS projects: Lake Victoria, Mauritius, Seychelles

21. 19. Invasive Alien Species Constraints to Development Annual Costs • Australia US$ 13 billion • Brazil US$ 50 billion • India US$ 116 billion • South Africa US$ 7 billion • UK US$ 12 billion • USA US$140 billion • (Source: Pimentel et al. 2001, National Geographic 2005)

22. 20. IAS and Forestry • Deliberate & accidental introductions, including “Aid trade” • Rapid growth, tolerant of range of conditions • 653 woody species invasive e.g. Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora • 22 of 43 worst invasives S. Africa –forestry, e.g. black wattle (estimated costs $1426 million) • Solutions linked to poverty alleviation – who gains, who loses? • Working for Water ($100m/annually to remove invasives)

23. Biodiversity at the World Bank • For more information please visit: www.worldbank.org/biodiversity