Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Introducing Public Speaking

2. Introduction to public speaking: Introduction • Effective public speaking can inspire, persuade, educate, and entertain. • Because of this public speaking is a required course at many colleges. • Despite this, many employers report a lack of public speaking skills among job candidates. • You can learn to overcome speech anxiety and master public speaking just like you would learn to read, ride a bicycle, develop or another skill.

3. Introduction to public speaking: Introduction

4. Introduction to public speaking:An overview • This introduction to public speaking reviews: • What is public speaking? What distinguishes it from other types of speech? • Why study public speaking? • Public speaking: a great tradition • Public speaking: a dynamic discipline

5. What is public speaking? • Public speaking features communication between a speaker and his or her audience. • The speaker does most of the talking. • The audience gives feedback.

6. What is public speaking? • Public speaking is audience centered. • Good speakers: • Consider audience's interest and needs • Adapt to the occasion

7. What is public speaking? • Public speaking emphasizes the spoken word. • Visual aids assist the speaker; they are not the sole focus. • Good speakers use non-vocal elements of delivery to communicate.

8. What is public speaking? • Public speaking is usually a prepared presentation. • The best speakers spend significant time preparing. • Even impromptu speeches typically piece together a string of relevant ideas.

9. Why study public speaking? • Studying public speaking can help you deliver effective presentations in the classroom, on the job, and in your community.

10. Why study public speaking? • Using Public Speaking as a Student • Many courses require speeches. • Well prepared and delivered speeches make a better impression on the professor and the class. • Extracurricular groups often have a public speaking component.

11. Why study public speaking? • Using Public Speaking in Your Career • Employers cite communication skills as the most important quality for a job candidate. • Workers report that communication is important in their jobs.

12. Why study public speaking? • Using Public Speaking in Your Community • Membership in community organizations may require speaking. • Community leadership certainly will require speaking.

13. Public speaking: A great tradition

14. Public speaking: A great tradition • There is a great tradition of the study of speaking in antiquity. • In 5th century B.C.E. Greece, speaking at assembly gave rise to the first formal studies of rhetoric, the craft of public speaking. • Aristotle formalized the analysis of rhetoric. • His work influences the study of public speaking today.

15. Public speaking: A great tradition • In 1st century B.C.E. Rome, vigorous debate took place in the Senate. • Cicero was a Senator and famous orator whose writings on rhetoric remain important. • Quintilian emphasized the notion of the ethical orator—a good person speaking well.

16. Public speaking: A great tradition • Historically, public speaking was studied across the globe. • From the 5th through the 3rd Century B.C.E., traveling scholars debated philosophies throughout ancient China. • Traveling storytellers and Islamic scholars spoke throughout Africa in the 15th Century. • Many Native Americans prized oratory over bravery in battle.

17. Public speaking: A great tradition

18. Public speaking: A great tradition • The tradition of public speaking flourished in American history. • The Great Awakening of the 1730s-1740s was an oratorical religious revival. • George Whitfield spoke in fields because churches weren't big enough. • Jonathan Edwards made worshippers shriek in fright with “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” in 1741. • Recently, the “Promise Keepers” filled football stadiums to hear speeches on family and religion.

19. Public speaking: A great tradition • There were many key speaking opportunities in revolutionary America. • The Boston Tea Party is a well-known instance of colonists speaking out in protest of taxation. • There were numerous political debates around the framing of the Constitution.

20. Public speaking: A great tradition • The antislavery movement was one of great oratory. • The Lincoln-Douglas debates before the Civil War drew massive crowds. • Frederick Douglass moved audiences with accounts of life under slavery. • Abolitionist Angelina Grimké won adherents with her tales of slave abuse in South Carolina

21. Public speaking: A great tradition • The women's suffrage movement emerged at the same time. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and others led the movement. • They used oratory to persuade Americans that women deserved the vote.

22. Public speaking: A great tradition • Public address flourished in the 20th century. • After World War I President Wilson traveled through the U.S. to promote his League of Nations idea. • In 1963, Martin Luther King brought 250,000 to the capitol with his March on Washington and his “I Have A Dream” speech.

23. Public speaking: A great tradition • Today, it may seem as if speaking is less important. • We are more likely communicate now by cell phone or text message than to listen to a speech. • However, after the attacks of September 11, 2001, millions of people felt it crucial to hear the President speak about the tragedy.

24. Public speaking: A great tradition

25. Public speaking: A dynamic discipline • From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process • The linear model emphasized a source encoding a message through a channel impeded by noise to a decoding receiver.

26. Public speaking: A dynamic discipline • From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process • Recent models stress the idea of transaction: both parties are in communication, sending and receiving messages and feedback, and creating shared meaning.

27. Public speaking: A dynamic discipline • Awareness of Audiences’ Cultural Diversity • There is increasing cultural diversity in the United States. • Culture is the traditions, values, and rules for living that people pass from generation to generation. • Increasingly, Americans come from other countries, bringing cultural diversity.

28. Public speaking: A dynamic discipline • Awareness of Audiences’ Cultural Diversity • Because of the diversity of cultures, it is unlikely people you interact with share the same worldviews and values. • We must adapt the way we use humor. • We must adjust our understandings of how audiences express feedback. • The recent immigration debates illustrate the complexity of this issue.

29. Public speaking: A dynamic discipline • Emphasis on Critical Thinking • You should feel confident that all the ideas you present to an audience are reasonable. • You should always evaluate the truth claims you make.

30. Public speaking: A dynamic discipline

31. Public speaking: A dynamic discipline • The Increasing Importance of Ethics • Unethical communication seems to have increased. • In recent years, journalists covered politicians and CEOs lying to the American public. • 1/3 of adults do not consider the traditionally reliable figures of doctors and clergy as credible.

32. Public speaking: A dynamic discipline • It is thus even more important that we treat our audiences ethically. • The persuasive power of public speaking comes with responsibilities. • Always tell the truth. • Provide balanced, accurate information. • Avoid manipulative reasoning. • Supply proper support for your argument.