PAAL Training ABA 101

1. PAAL TrainingABA 101 Kaori G. Nepo, M.Ed.,BCBA

2. Training Objective Learn Basic ABA terms and understand how to apply ABA procedures. • Reinforcement/ Punishment • Extinction • Motivating Operation • Shaping • Chaining • Prompting • Data collection

3. Applied Behavior Analysis “ABA is the science in which tactics deprived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.” (Cooper, Heron, & Howard, 1987)

4. Why ABA? • It is way of life • “IT WORKS!!!!!” • Evidence Based • Measureable • Observable • Data driven decision making • Repeatable

5. History Watson: (Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, 1913) S-R Behaviorism Skinner: (The Behavior of Organism, 1938) Respondent Conditioning Operant Conditioning Radical Behaviorism-include private events

6. Respondent Conditioning • US UR NS • US UR + NS

7. Respondent Conditioning • US UR CS CR • CS CR CS CR NS

8. Operant Conditioning • Arrangement of resulting stimuli/ consequences to change future occurrences of voluntary behavior • Three-term contingency • Four-term contingency • Reinforcement • Punishment • Extinction

9. Three-Term Contingency A(SD) – B(R) – C(SR+/SR-/SP+/SP-) Antecedent: a stimulus which occurs before a behavior Behavior/ Response: movement or action by an individual Consequences: a stimulus which is produced by a behavior

10. Four-Term Contingency MO A-B-C Motivating Operation (MO): the environmental changes that alter the reinforcing value of stimulus (and the frequency of a behavior) • EO: Establishing Operation • AO: Abolishing Operation

11. Stimulus Control • Contingent Relationship between antecedent stimulus an a response (behavior): The presence of antecedent stimulus alter the behavior in frequency, duration, latency, or intensity • SD (Discriminative Stimulus): in the presence a behavior will be reinforced • S∆: in the presence a behavior will not be reinforced

12. Responses/Behaviors • Function-Based (obtain/escape/avoid) • the purpose of the behavior/ effect on the environment • Topography-Based • the shape or form of the behavior

13. Target Behaviors • Assessment(interview/ check list/ standardized test/ observation/ ecological assessment ) • To increase or to decrease • Operational Definition • Objective: observable and measurable • Clarity: unfamiliar observers can identify • Completeness: clear boundaries, time frame

14. Reinforcement Future likelihood of behavior increases by • Positive Reinforcement: the contingent presentation of a stimulus (SR+), immediately following a response (R) • Negative Reinforcement: the contingent removal of an aversive stimulus (SR-) immediately following a response (R)

15. Reinforcers SR • Primary/ Unconditioned (food, water, sleep, oxygen, warmth, sexual stimulation) • Secondary/ Conditioned (edible, tangible, sensory, activity oriented, social, generalized)

16. Schedule of Reinforcement • CRF: Continuous Reinforcement (FR1) • INT: Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement • FR: Fixed Ratio Schedule • VR: Variable Ratio Schedule • FI: Fixed Interval Schedule • VI: Variable Interval Schedule • Compound Schedule (c.f. concurrent, multiple, chained, mixed, tandem, alternative)

18. Stimulus Preference Assessment • Ask • Target Person (open-ended, choice, rank-ordering) • significant others • pretask choice • Free Operant • contrived observation (predetermined set) • naturalistic observation • Trial Based • Single Stimuli • Paired Stimuli • Multiple Stimuli

19. Reinforcer Assessment • Concurrent Schedule: two or more reinforcers for two or more behaviors • Multiple Schedule: two or more schedule of reinforcement for a behavior • Progressive Ratio Schedule: requirement for reinforcement will increase over time

20. Use Reinforcers Effectively • Timing • Consistency • Amount • Quality • Variety (EO) • Novelty • Concurrent Schedule • Generalization

21. Punishment Future likelihood of behavior will decrease by • Positive Punishment: the contingent presentation of an aversive stimulus (SP+) immediately following a response (R) • Negative Punishment: the contingent removal of a stimulus (SP-)immediately following a response (R)

22. Punisher SP • Primary/ Unconditioned (pain, odors, tastes, physical restraint, loss of bodily support, extreme muscular effort) • Secondary/ Conditioned (reprimands, response blocking, contingent exercise, overcorrection-restitutional/positive practice)

23. Extinction The frequency of the previously reinforced behavior decreases or ceases by discontinuing reinforcement • Positive reinforcement • escape extinction • sensory extinction • Extinction Burst • Spontaneous Recovery

24. Frequency of Hitting Sessions

25. Behavior Reduction Procedure Differential Reinforcement • DRI: • DRA: • DRO (FI-DRO, VI-DRO, FM-DRO, VM-DRO) • DRL (full-session DRL, interval DRL, spaced-responding DRL)

26. Data Collection • Direct Measurement • Permanent Products (written sample) • Direct Observational Recording • Event Recording • Duration Recording • Latency Recording • Inter Response Time (IRT) • Interval Recording (whole or partial) • Momentary Time Sampling

27. Data Collection • Summary • Frequency/ Rate/ Percentage/ Fluency • Graphing (independent variable/dependent variable) • Interobserver Agreement (IOA) • Analysis (base line/treatment, variability, trend-ascending/descending, level, internal/external validity)

28. Data Collection • ..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\data collection1.mpg • ..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\data collection2.mpg • ..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\Interval Recording video.mpg

29. Graphs

30. Shaping • Differential reinforcement of successive approximation to the terminal behavior • Topography • Frequency • Latency • Duration • Magnitude

31. Prompting Supplementary S to increase likelihood of correct responses Response Prompts • Pictorial/Textual • Verbal (full or partial) • Modeling • Physical guidance (Full or Partial)

32. Prompting Stimulus Prompts • Movement cues/ Gestrual • Position cues • Redundancy cues • color • size • shape

33. Examples • Pictorial/ Textual • Verbal • Gestural • Modeling • Physical Guidance • ..\My Pictures\7-23-2008\20080722111134.mpg

34. Prompt Fading : Gradual Removal of prompts • Most to Least • Least to Most • Decreasing Assistance • Graduated Guidance: fade physical prompts • Time Delay • Increasing Assistance

35. Behavior Chain : a particular sequence of responses within a complex skill in which completion of a response serves as a conditioned reinforcer as well as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain. S1 S2 S3 S4 R1 R2 R3 R4 SR

36. Task Analysis : breaking down a complex task into simple and smaller units • Example: • TA for brushing teeth

37. Brushing Teeth • hygiene\08071604.mpg

38. Teaching Behavior Chains • Total-Task Chaining/ Total-Task Presentation • Forward Chaining • Backward Chaining: • Backward Chaining with Leap Ahead

39. Developing Objectives Objectives include… • Conditions: antecedents (given directions or situation) • Student • Behavior: observable, measurable /quantifiable • Criterion: accuracy, frequency, duration, latency Let’s Develop Objectives for ….

40. Let’s Begin Our Journey