By Maritza Cruz and Hannah Gardner

1. Nestor’s speeches By Maritza Cruz and Hannah Gardner

2. Summary of Part 1 • Nestor begins speaking to Diomedes and is praising and insulting him in the beginning of the speech. • He goes on to say that the reasonable punishment for one who creates fighting betweens one’s people is to banish them. (Agamemnon & Diomedes) • Instead of fighting they should have a great meal to instill peace and unity. • Throughout the speech he shifts from speaking to Diomedes and Agamemnon in order for Aga. to make up for the tension he caused.

3. Summary of Part 2 • Nestor is speaking to Agamemnon in the 2nd part of his speech. He tells Agamemnon that he didn’t listen to him before and now Achilleus has left them. In order to get him back they must “persuade him with words of supplication and with the gifts of friendship.” • He establishes his ethos and explains to Agamemnon why he should listen to him.

4. Context • Who? Nestor • To whom? Diomedes and Agamemnon • The Greeks begin to lose hope in the war which leads to Diomedes insulting Agamemnon and Nestor does not think it is honorable. Furthermore, Nestor goes on to insult Agamemnon in agreement with Diomedes. • After Nestor’s speech Agamemnon acknowledges that he was wrong to take Briseis and decides to try and persuade Achilleus to come back.

5. Purpose • His goal in the speech is to help the Greeks back on track in the war and convince Agamemnon to resolve the fighting between him and Achilleus. • We know this because he blatantly states “…I for my part urged you strongly not to, but you,giving way to your proud heart’s anger, dishonored a great man, one whom the immortals honor, since you have taken his prize and keep it” (107-111).

6. Vocabulary • Rampart: (n) 1. a fortification consisting of an embankment, often with a parapet but on top. 2. A means of protection of defense • Kingly: (adj) 1. Having the status or rank of a king. 2. of, like, or befitting a king, majestic and regal. • Illustrious: (adj) 1. Well known and very distinguished; eminent 2. obsolete. Shining brightly, to give glory to, shine upon. • Supplication: (v) 1. the act of asking humbly or earnestly, as by praying. 2. The act of compensation 3. To substitute.

7. Values • Nestor emphasized tîmé. Ex. “…when you went from the shelter of angered Achilleus, taking by force the girl Briseis against the will of the rest of us” (106-107). Ex. “… but let us even now think how we can make this good and persuade him with words of supplication and gifts of friendship” (111-113).

8. Values (cont.) • Arête Ex. “…beyond others you are strong in battle, and in the cousel also are noblest of among all men of your own age” (53-54). • Xenios Ex. Achilleus is going to be the guest of Agamemnon so he needs to demonstrate good xenios.

9. Values (cont.) • Agathos Ex. Diomedes, Achilleus and Agamemnon because they are militaristic leaders and they are defending Greece. Achilleus and Diomedes respect one another's tîmé. They’ve all demonstrated aréte in the battlefield. • Nestor emphasizes the values to further prove his point that Achilleus and Agamemnon should reconcile and Diomedes should respect his superiors.

10. Persuasive Techniques • Nestor demonstrates ethos when he mentions that he is older and wiser. Ex. “Yet you have not made complete your argument, since you are a young man still and could even be my own son and my youngest born of all” (56-58) • Whenever Nestor addresses Agamemnon or Diomedes he uses kind epithets as a form of pathos. Ex. “Son of Tydeus, beyond all others who are strong in battle, and in cousel also are noblest…” (53-54). Ex. “Son of Atreus, and most lordly king of men…” (96).

11. Persuasive Techniques • Nestor uses logos by explaining the events leading up to the tension in the Greek army. Ex. “…ever since that day, illustrious, when you went from the shelter of angered Achilleus, taking by force the girl Briseis…” (106-107).

12. Conclusion • In conclusion, Nestor demonstrates ethos more than any other persuasive technique. He uses pathos to make Agamemnon and Diomedes feel guilty about what they did without offending them. He also evokes flattery to make Agamemnon and Diomedes more compliant to listen to his point.