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Basic Concepts in Rhetoric

Basic Concepts in Rhetoric Informative Speaking that is Not for Dummies Some Guidelines for the Info Speaking Assignment Your audience is your audience The topic must be business-related Salience is key Keep the presentation informative rather than persuasive

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Basic Concepts in Rhetoric

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  1. Basic Concepts in Rhetoric Informative Speaking that is Not for Dummies

  2. Some Guidelines for the Info Speaking Assignment • Your audience is your audience • The topic must be business-related • Salience is key • Keep the presentation informative rather than persuasive

  3. Informative Speaking Topic Ideas • Look for new trends/services/problems • Check business related web sites • www.businessdaily.com • www.morningstar.com • www.cbs.marketwatch.com • Browse business related magazines—Fast Company, Fortune, Red Herring, Business Week, Harvard Business Review

  4. Basic Rhetorical Concepts • Modes of Proof (Aristotle) • Ethos---credibility • Pathos--emotions • Logos--logical proof • Proof begins and ends with the audience • Five Canons of Rhetoric--Invention, Arrangement, Style, Delivery, Memory

  5. Invention--the first among equals • Invention defined: “Energizing the truth” or “the discovery and adaptation of arguments and material for the speech” • Step 1--determining the universe of arguments available to the rhetor • Step 2--adapting that material to the particular audience

  6. Audience Adaptation • Situational Analysis • Why are they here? • Size of group, time of day, size of room, amplification, availability of media? • Are they hostile, favorable or indifferent? • Demographic Analysis • Age, group affiliation, race or ethnicity, religion or creed, sex, socio-economic status

  7. Arrangement and Organizational Patterns • The Connection with Invention • Topical • Spatial or Geographical • Chronological • Cause/Effect

  8. Understanding Speech Anxiety • It is a natural physical reaction to stress • Understand the spiral of anxiety • Speech anxiety peaks at the beginning of a speech and then decreases • Studies show that audiences consistently underestimate speaker anxiety

  9. Dealing With Speech Anxiety • Avoid avoidance • Avoid caffeine • Practice, practice, practice • Concentrate on the first two minutes • Deep breathing • Avoid bottling up nervous energy

  10. Special considerations for informative speeches • Understand the knowledge level of your audience • Consider other time savers rather than jargon • Have other non-techies review your speech • Sensitize your audience to the issue and encourage interruptions for translation

  11. Goals Gain Attention Develop Rapport Establish Credibility Motivate Listeners Preview Main Points Methods Startling Statistic Personal Experience Quote an Expert Tell a humorous story Preview of your main points Introductions--Goals and Methods

  12. Transitions--getting from here to there... • Why are they necessary? • --oral v. written discourse • --signposting • When do you use them? • --moving between identifiable parts of the speech • When do you plan for them? • --prior to the speech!

  13. Goals Review Speech Content Provide a Sense of Closure Motivate Your Audience Methods Tie in to something from your Introduction Provide an Explicit Review of Main Points End with a Closing Thought or Final Statement Conclusions--Goals and Methods

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