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Basic Concepts in HIB

Basic Concepts in HIB. Acquiring new lenses to see HIB and a new language to analyze it. Information Need—Definition. Information needs arise whenever individuals find themselves in a situation, and require information to deal with the situation as they see fit. Information Need—Definition.

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Basic Concepts in HIB

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  1. Basic Concepts in HIB Acquiring new lenses to see HIB and a new language to analyze it

  2. Information Need—Definition • Information needs arise whenever individuals find themselves in a situation, and require information to deal with the situation as they see fit.

  3. Information Need—Definition The difference between: • Information want • Information demand • Information need

  4. Information Want • The information a person thinks she or he wants to have to solve an information problem Or: • The information a person believes will solve his or her information problem

  5. Information Demand • The information a person believes he or she can ask for Why should not one ask for what one wants? • One may not know what one wants • One may want to ask for what one think one can get • One feels uncomfortable

  6. Information Need • The information that will solve the person’s information problem How can we know if something is a true information need? • After the fact • Have a “scientific” way to determine

  7. Stages of Need Development (Taylor) • Visceral: A sense of uneasiness • Conscious: Ill-defined area of indecision • Formalized: Describes area in concrete terms, making the need as explicit as possible • Compromised: Need as translated into the system’s language

  8. Stages of Need Development Exercise Please identify the stages of the information need in each of the following quotations on the handout. Time: 5 minutes

  9. Types of Information Needs • By Nature of Expected Answer: • Known item need: The answer that is required is a certain, known item • Subject need: The answer that is required is information on a particular subject, or of a particular kind

  10. Types of Information Needs • By the Generator of the Need: • Self need: A need generated by the person who is looking for answers • Proxy need: A need generated by another person (imposed need)

  11. My Information Need Exercise • Turn to your neighbor and exchange a copy of the completed assignment • Read your neighbor’s assignment and analyze the need described in terms of the characteristics just covered • Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed Time: 5 minutes

  12. Information Behavior • Information seeking • Information evaluating • Information use • Information representing • Information giving

  13. Information Behavior • Information seeking: How an individual goes about obtaining information. • Information evaluating: How users decide if the information they obtained is relevant to their need, that is, if it can resolve their need.

  14. Information Behavior • Information use: The outcome of information seeking. • Information representing: creating surrogates to represent information. • Information giving: The act of disseminating messages.

  15. Information Seeking How an individual goes about obtaining information. Types by level of purpose: • Searching • Surfing • Encountering

  16. Information Seeking Searching: Purposely looking for information to resolve a particular information need. Surfing: Browsing through a source of information, just to see what it has, without a particular information need. Encountering: “Bumping” into information that can resolve a particular information need when doing other things.

  17. Information Seeking—Class Workout • Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and indicate: • What behavior is described (seeking, evaluating, use, giving)? • If seeking, what type (searching, surfing, encountering)? • Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed Time: 3 minutes

  18. Search Strategies Where are we now? • Information behavior • Information seeking • Searching • Search strategies

  19. Search Strategies (Cognitive Work analysis) The five search strategies: • The browsing strategy • The analytical strategy • The empirical strategy • The known site strategy • The similarity strategy

  20. Search Strategies The browsing strategy: Intuitive scanning following leads by association without much planning ahead. The analytical strategy: Explicit consideration of attributes of the information need and of the search system 

  21. Search Strategies The empirical strategy: Based on previous experience, using rules and tactics that were successful in the past The known site strategy: Going directly to the place where the information is located

  22. Search Strategies The similarity strategy: Find information based on a previous successful example that is similar to the current need.

  23. Search Strategies Exercise • Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and indicate: • What search strategies were used? • Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed Time: 3 minutes

  24. Searching Methods (Ellis) Where are we now? • Information behavior • Information seeking • Searching • Search strategies • Searching methods

  25. Searching Methods (Ellis) The five searching methods: • Starting • Chaining • Differentiating • Monitoring • Extracting

  26. Searching Methods (Ellis) Starting: Looking for information in a new area or on a new topic. Chaining: Searching by following citation connections between materials. Differentiating: Selecting information sources based on their orientation and the intended audience.

  27. Searching Methods (Ellis) Monitoring: The continuous monitoring of developments in a field of study. Extracting: Going through a particular source selectively identifying relevant material from that source.

  28. Searching Methods Exercise • Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and indicate: • What searching methods were used? • Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed Time: 3 minutes

  29. Surfing Where are we now? • Information behavior • Information seeking • Searching • Surfing • Encountering

  30. Surfing Surfing: Browsing through a source of information, just to see what it has, with no particular information need in mind. Examples:  • Reading the daily newspaper  • Watching programs on TV  • Visiting a bookstore  • Surfing the Web  Other examples?

  31. Encountering Encountering: “Bumping” into information that can resolve past or future information need. Also called:   • Accidental discovery of information  • Incidental information acquisition

  32. Encountering Can happen when: • Searching for information to resolve another need • Surfing • Any other activity

  33. Information Evaluating Where are we now? • Information behavior • Information seeking • Information evaluating • Information use • Information giving

  34. Information Evaluating Information Evaluating: Users evaluate information when they decide if it is relevant to their need; that is, if it can resolve their need Also called: Compare/match

  35. Information Evaluating The major issues: • The subjective nature of relevance judgment • The levels of relevance • Factors affecting relevance

  36. Information Surfing, Encountering and Evaluating Exercise • Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and indicate: • Was any surfing or encountering done? • What criteria was used to evaluate the information? • Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed Time: 3 minutes

  37. Information Use • The outcome of information seeking May take various forms: • Acting on information • Changing state of knowledge (making new sense) • Confirming what one already knows

  38. Information Use Exercise • Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and indicate: • How did your neighbor used the information obtained?  • How did it help (or not help) her or him?  • Did another information need emerge as a result? • Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed Time: 3 minutes

  39. Information giving Where are we now? • Information behavior • Information seeking • Information evaluating • Information use • Information giving

  40. Information giving Information giving: The act of disseminating messages Triggers for giving: • A user asks for information directly  • A user raises a topic about which the giver has information 

  41. Information giving Triggers for giving: • A user describes his/her situation to the giver who has information that can help  • A user behaves (or shows signs) in a certain way that prompts the giver to give information that will help  • The giver expects to receive needed information in return

  42. Information giving Strategies for giving: • Tailoring complete information to the attributes of a particular need  • Planting a nugget (giving in anticipation of a situation)  • Pushing, or, making a case for the need of information  • Presenting information and asking for feedback

  43. Information giving exercise • Revisit your neighbor’s assignment and indicate: • Was information giving involved? • If yes, • What triggered it? • What giving strategy was used? • Discuss with your neighbor what your analysis revealed Time: 3 minutes

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