The Writing Studio

1. The Writing Studio Documenting Sources

2. Documentation • Indicates Origin of Information • Gives Credit to Sources • Helps to Avoid Plagiarism

3. Rules for Documentation • Put quotation marks around borrowed words or phrases. • Paraphrase and summarize correctly. • Acknowledge each source. • List sources on Works Cited page.

4. In-Text Documentation When you borrow words, information, or ideas: • Cite in parentheses information reader needs to find the entry in the list of Works Cited. OR • Cite part of the information in the text and part in parentheses at the end of the passage.

5. Example Author and page number in parentheses: One authority wrote that Sojourner Truth “was a strange compound of wit and wisdom, of wild enthusiasm, and flint-like common sense” (Douglass 10).

6. Example Author cited in text; page # in parentheses: Referring to the men of Marshall Plantation, Harper writes that “an empty gun is analogous to the lives these men have lived” (300).

7. Multiple Authors • If the source has three or fewer authors, cite each of their last names. • If there are more than three authors, cite the last name of first author listed on the title page plus the abbreviation et al.

8. Example Sample parenthetical references for multiple authors: (Berry and Blassingame 125) (Berg, Duncan, and Friedman 85) (Dansinger et al. 28)

9. Works in an Anthology When referring to a work in an anthology: • Cite the author’s last name in-text and the page number parenthetically. OR • Cite both the author’s last name and the page number parenthetically.

10. Example Author’s name cited in-text: One of the most widely recognized facts about James Joyce, in Lionel Trilling’s view, “is his ambivalence toward Ireland, of which the hatred was as relentless as the love was unfailing” (153).

11. Example Both author’s name & page # in a parenthetical citation One of the most widely recognized facts about James Joyce “is his ambivalence toward Ireland, of which the hatred was as relentless as the love was unfailing” (Trilling 153).

12. Multiple Works by an Author With multiple works by the same author, you must indicate the title of the work to which you are referring. Either cite the title, or an abbreviated form, in-text or parenthetically.

13. Example • Stephen Gould asserts in “Singapore’s Patrimony” that “some historical arguments are. . .” (22). • Stephen Gould asserts that “some historical arguments are. . .” (“Singapore” 22). • One scientist wrote, “Some historical arguments are. . .” (Gould, “Singapore” 22).

14. Unknown Authorship If you borrow ideas from a source for which you cannot determine the author: • Cite the title in-text and page number parenthetically. OR • Cite the title and page number parenthetically.

15. Example Title cited in-text: According to an article entitled “Going Back to Booze,” surveys have shown that most adult alcoholics began drinking heavily as teenagers (42).

16. Example Title and page number cited parenthetically: Surveys have shown that most adult alcoholics began drinking heavily as teenagers (“Going Back To Booze” 42).

17. Multivolume Works When you borrow a source from one volume of a multivolume work: • Cite the volume parenthetically as an Arabic number without the abbreviation Vol., follow with a colon, skip a space and insert the page number. • If the author’s name is not mentioned in-text, then include it parenthetically before the volume number.

18. Example • Fraser points out that scapegoat rituals have been common throughout history. . . (9: 47). OR • One historian points out that scapegoat rituals have been common throughout history. . . (Fraser 9: 47).