Part 7 The Search For Order

1. Part 7The Search For Order The Challenge of Disorder

2. Part Outline • Chapter 23 Politics, Power, and Violence • Chapter 24 Spirituality, Religion, and the Supernatural • Chapter 25 The Arts

3. Chapter 23 Politics, Power, and Violence

4. Chapter Outline • How are power and political organizations different? • How are social and political order formed and maintained? • How do political systems obtain popular support?

5. Kinds Of Political Systems • Uncentralized systems • Bands • Tribes • Centralized systems • Chiefdoms • States

6. Types Of Political Organization: Membership

7. Types Of Political Organization: Membership

8. Types Of Political Organization: Government

9. Types Of Political Organization: Government

10. Types Of Political Organization: Economy

11. Types Of Political Organization: Society

12. Types Of Political Organization: Society

13. Bands • Small group of politically independent, though related, households. • The least complicated form of political organization. • Found among nomadic societies. • Small, numbering at most a few hundred people.

14. Bands • No need for formal political systems. • Decisions are made with the participation of adult members, with an emphasis on achieving consensus. • Those unable to get along with others of their group move to another group where kinship ties give them rights of entry.

15. Tribes • Tribes consist of small, autonomous local communities, which form alliances for various purposes. • Economy based on crop cultivation or herding. • Population densities generally exceed 1 person per square mile. • Leadership among tribes is informal.

16. Chiefdoms • The chief is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people. • The office of the chief is usually for life and often hereditary. • The chief’s authority serves to unite his people in all affairs and at all times. • Highly unstable as lesser chiefs try to take power from higher ranking chiefs.

17. State • The most formal of political organizations. • Political power is centralized in a government, which may use force to regulate the affairs of its citizens and its relations with other states. • Since their first appearance 5,000 years ago, states have shown a tendency toward instability and transience.

18. Political Leadership and Gender Women have enjoyed political equality with men in a number of societies: • Iroquoian tribes of New York State - men held office at the pleasure of women, who appointed them and could remove them. • Igbo of Nigeria - women held positions that paralleled and balanced that of the men.

19. Internalized Controls • Self-imposed by individuals. • Rely on such deterrents as shame, fear of divine punishment, and magical retaliation. • Although bands and tribes rely heavily upon them, they are generally insufficient by themselves.

20. Externalized Controls • Mix cultural and social control. • Positive sanctions reward appropriate behavior. • Negative sanctions punish behavior.

21. Functions of Law • Defines relationships among a society’s members and behavior under different circumstances. • Allocates authority to employ coercion to enforce sanctions. • Redefines social relations and aids its own efficient operation by ensuring it allows change.

22. Settling Disputes • A dispute may be settled in two ways: • Negotiation - the parties to the dispute reach an agreement with or without the help of a third party. • Adjudication - An authorized third party issues a binding decision.