Faith based organizations (FBOs) contributing to peace and sustainable development.

1. Faith based organizations (FBOs) contributing to peace and sustainable development. The case of Christian Relief and Development Association (CRDA) Presented by Abeba Amare (Advanced MA in Development studies, Msc in Agriculture)

2. Outline Outline • About the paper- • General overview- conflict Situation in Ethiopia • Major Causes of Conflicts - Specific Cases from Gambella, Oromia, Afar and SNNP Regional States

3. Cont. • Relationship- peace and Sustainable Development • The Role of CRDA - What is CRDA- History and evolution • Scope of involvement of CRDA : • In peace building and • Sustainable Development - • Conclusion and Recommendations

4. About the paper • Not a well-designed Research paper • Methodology- phone interview, information exchange through e-mail, literature, internet, site visit • Limitation- limited only on local CRDA member NGOs/CSOs • Objective – only to highlight the contribution of FBOs mainly CRDA members in peace building and sustainable development.

5. 1. Conflict Situation in Ethiopia Conflict is a multi-faceted phenomenon in Ethiopia, where there are more than 80 ethnic groups. Conflicts occur at every level of human relations, from the family to the state. Experiences has shown that conflicts are usually the result of incompatible interests.

6. Cont. Inter-group conflict in Ethiopia does not always take the form of inter-ethnic confrontation. There are conflicts between the high Landers/grarians and the low Landers/ pastoralists within the same ethnic group in addition to the conflicts among different ethnic groups (EIFDDA & CRDA, 2006)

7. Cont. 1.1. Major Causes of conflicts There are various causes of conflicts For instance, in the Southern Region only, about 126 conflicts were registered within the last 14 years. However, this paper concentrates only on the most frequent and violent forms of Internal conflicts.

8. Cont. • Resources scarcity and competition The primary cause for conflict in Ethiopia is competition over declining resources, which arise from the natural resource base, population pressures, and environmental degradation. Soil erosion and improper agricultural practices have greatly damaged the land’s productivity. Food production rate is declining comparing with increasing population growth rate.

9. Cont. Specific cases: Case one – Conflicts due to shortage of grazing land and water points Gambella Regional State: located in South west Ethiopia Resources (pasture and Water) are scarce due to high population growth resulted from natural increase and immigrants from the highland areas and refugees from Sudan. In addition, an area of land estimated to 15,000 sq. km was excluded and protected for oil exploration, which aggravated the shortage of grazing land for the pastoralists. • Issa and Afar who are both pastoralists –they fight for wider grazing land and water for their cattle • The Dollo pastoralists in the dry season migrate with their livestock in search of grazing land, which eventually leads to the usual conflict due to competition of resources Failure to win the struggle for resources control leads to violent conflict. (EIFDDA & CRDA, 2006, RCCHE, 2007)).

10. Cont. Case two- conflict in search of both grazing and arable land • The Oromoand Amhara ethnic groups who are agro-pastoralists migrate to the Awash valley in search of arable land, which is used as a grazing land for the Afar pastoralists that usually causes conflict among the groups.

11. Cont. • Guji and Burji (both are agro-pastoralists) • Konso and Derashe –in control of resourceful territory that creates competition between the two ethnic groups to own water resources, arable and grazing land.

12. cont,. In a recent ( December , 2008) conflict between Derashe and Konso, the Derashe people development Association reported that about 15,472 people including children and women were displaced and are in need of food, shelter and medication as 526 corrugated iron sheet houses and 7,632 local houses were demolished in the four kebeles due to the conflict( Urgent Relief Assistance Appeal, January 2009).

13. Cont. • Ethnicity The competition for political power • Agnuak and Nure people in Gambella, who have been fighting for many years over control of resources and political power in the Region. • The assessment done by EIFDDA reveals that there are a wide range of conflicts between the various ethnic groups within South Omo due to considerable degree of power struggle. (EIFDDA & CRDA, 2006, RCCHE 2007).

14. 2. The Relationship/ Interaction b/n Conflict and Sus.Devt. • In most cases the basic assumption that conflict is normal and is an integral part of social interaction has drawn attention on the interaction between development work and the respective conflict dynamics in a society. • There is also a growing concern to answer the question on “how development aid organizations deliver aid and bring sustainable development in conflict situations with out aggravating the situation ? or how do they intervene to bring peace?

15. Cont. • Peace building involves bringing parties together and fostering mutual respect by listening, recognizing need, avoiding discriminations and working creatively together to solve problems. Its creating conducive environment for the reconstruction and development efforts

16. Cont. interaction • Building peace will have significant impact in bringing sustainable development. Unless the root causes of conflicts are addressed in a given community and people trained how to proactively solve conflicts in their communities and resolve differences peacefully, it is unlikely to bring sustainable development. Very often peace can be promoted most effectively by introducing peace building components into the more traditional relief and development activities and on the other hand, development activities create mutual understanding and concern among people.

17. 3. What had CRDA contributed in peace building & Sustainable development– 3.1.CRDA – History & evolution • Established in 1973, by 13 founding members (FBOs) to coordinate their response to the disaster of the time imposed by drought, famine and displacement due to conflict with Eritrea. Its name as well as the logo of an Ethiopian Cross are a reminder of the Association’s early roots as an organization that mobilized various churches in Ethiopia to the grave humanitarian situation of Ethiopia. • Established the first Christian Relief Fund in 1974 • Christian Relief Fund later on became Christian Relief and Development Association (CRDA).

18. Cont. CRDA At its early stage, CRDA’s entire focus was on coordinating relief efforts of the NGO community in Ethiopia. CRDA’s contribution was mainly related to the provision of logistic supports that assists in distribution of grain supplementary food supplies, clothing and medicine

19. Cont. CRDA • Through time, CRDA achieved new standards of efficiency and ultimately became a very large and highly professional development agency (a membership or an umbrella organization with active members of 351 National and International NGOs operational in Ethiopia). • It has shifted from focus on coordinating relief efforts of NGOs to development agenda and advocacy efforts such as: • Building capacities of indigenous NGOs/CSOs including project funding • Promoting information exchange and networking for advocacy and lobbying within CSOs and between CSOs, and other agencies, which are active in development areas as well as promoting an enabling environment for greater contribution of CSOs to development endeavors of Ethiopia. The major donors are faith based organization such as EED, Christian Aid, Cordaid, Trocare, ICCO, etc.

20. 3.2. Scope of involvement of CRDA in Peace and sustainable Development 3.1.Peace Building Initiatives • Faith based & secular organizations under the CRDA membership play very important roles as contributors of peace in conflict prone Regions of the country like Gambella, Dollo district & Afar areas (EIFDDA, 2006, PCAE,2007) • Both secular and Faith Based member organizations received grant from CRDA to intervene in conflict prone areas. some of the interventions include:

21. 1)Train & deploy peace educators Gambela

22. Cont. • Train and deploy Elders, clan leaders, local government, community representatives (PCAE) 2)Conduct conflict mediation conferences and meetings organized by EECMY at Gambella between the Agnwak and Nure

23. 3)Facilitate Dialogue and discussion sessions

24. Cont. 4)Conduct Research and Documentation as an early warning mechanism 5)Formation of Development and Peace initiative Committee and train them in conflict management. In addition, a series of event oriented workshops have been organized by EOC, EMRDA & EFGBCDO to address conflicts.

25. Changes being observed • Improved public awareness on the negative consequences of war and conflict on the well being of the target community is noted to be very high in Gambella( RCCHE,2007) • A break through to create common understanding among all stakeholders that peace building is vital and agreement was reached to strengthen the newly established Peace and Development Committee in Dollo(PCAE,2007)

26. Cont. • The traditional leaders come together through Peace and Development Committee and started discussing the Land use and conflict, which was not a case before( Dollo) • Some elders who have private land shown interest to share such land for communal use after the intervention

27. 3.2. Engagement in Sustainable Development Ethiopia is a country, where chronic and transitory food insecurity remains one of the major challenges facing both rural and urban population. The role of FBOs in Ethiopia as a development partner goes beyond 1950s,even before the establishment of CRDA, where most of them were actively engaged in supporting and encouraging the development aspirations of local communities, particularly in the Northern part of Ethiopia, where conflicts, famine and drought are common phenomena.

28. Cont. FBOs are actively engaged in : • Health service delivery, • Environmental rehabilitation, • Water supply and sanitation, • Agricultural development/food security, • Education, • Credit and saving(income generation), • Road construction, • HIV/AIDS prevention and control The interventions brought an impact on the livelihood of the beneficiaries at grassroots level.

29. 3.2.1. “The story of Greening a Desert” • The story of Greening a Desert starts by stressing on a proverb “To dream is easy, but to turn a dream into a reality may often be beyond practical expectations. Nightmares, however, may give birth to the dreams” (Assabol, 2008).

30. Cont. “Assabol Flood Water Harvesting Scheme”, worth Eth. Birr 15,183,000 was constructed by Ethiopian Catholic Secretariat, a founding member of CRDA in collaboration with Caritas Switzerland and Luxembourg and Misereor Germany. It is one of the impossible projects serving the process of sustainable development for the benefit of the economically marginalized rural population.

31. Cont. It was reported that on a regular bases the lake will retain a volume of 500,000 cubic meters of water. Over a complete year it is quite enough to provide sufficient irrigation with out looking for any recharge. The lake behind the dam has a Length of 2 km, a height of 42 meters and a surface area of 7 hectares.

32. Cont. • Now the valley above and below the dam is a green strip at the middle of the dry and rocky landscape of Irob. • It opens-up new opportunities for food security and water supply of the poor farmers in Irob woreda. It has an added value in such a way that the raising of the standard of living in the rural community will halt the migration of young people to the nearest town in search of jobs.

33. Cont. The How and the Who questions Who can work without food, who can spend the night in the farmers house, who can walk a long distance on foot in a remote countryside?, who can live with poor farmers in the absence of electricity and drinking water, who is committed to work with poor people in the midst of Conflict? how long does it take to construct such scheme? In those harsh conditions, bringing self-reliance & improving the lives of farmers was far from the reality. However, on the 11th of October 2008, more than 30 invited guests and benefactors from Switzerland, Luxembourg and Germany and many government officials and CSOs representatives of Ethiopia went to celebrate the inauguration ceremony of the Assabol Water Harvesting Dam and observed the reality of the dream.

34. 7.Conclusion • From the above reflections, it is possible to conclude that FBOs have a broader mandate in attending the physical, economic and material needs of people, suffering from conflicts and poverty. Conflict and war have serious consequences on the well being, security and survival of the population. The intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia have led to loss of life and destruction of property. The interventions made by FBOs have to some extent minimized conflicts among different ethnic groups. Moreover their engagement in sustainable development has brought long lasting change in the livelihood of the poor people of Ethiopia. However, in a country like Ethiopia, where there are more than 80 ethnic groups and in Africa in general, how to accelerate the initiatives of FBOs to involve actively in conflict resolution and peace building for a sustained development is still remained unanswered.

35. 8. Recommendations As mentioned earlier, considerable efforts have been done by FBOs towards peace and sustainable development, however, the interventions towards peace building are only a short time intervention that does not allow carrying on in-depth assessment on the trend of conflicts, the root causes of conflicts, followed by critical analysis and dialogue for action. • Thus, strengthening the capacity of FBO in this respect is a paramount importance to accelerate the initiatives of FBOs to carry on a comprehensive survey about the causes of conflict and its prevention mechanisms. • Even though there are various and different traditional mechanism to resolve conflicts, they are not well studied and developed strategically to address conflicts within and inter ethnic groups. • Donors should be committed to work with FBOs on the issue of peace-building and sustainable development

36. Thank you and may the Lord Bless you all