Human Development

1. Human Development Part 1: Genetics and infancy

2. PSYCHOLOGY(8th Edition)David Myers PowerPoint Slides Mr. Mable Tucker High School 2009

3. Developing Through the Life Spanand GeneticsChapter 3&4

4. Developmental Psychology • Studies Lifespan Development • From the “Cradle to the Grave” or from the “Womb to the Tomb.” • What changes occur? • How do we reduce Negative effects?

5. Developmental Issues Continuity and Stages Researchers who view development as a slow, continuous process are generally those who emphasize experience and learning. Biologists, on the other hand, view maturation and development as a series of genetically predisposed steps or stages. These include psychologists like Piaget, Kohlberg and Erikson.

6. Developmental Issues Stability and Change Lifelong development requires both stability and change. Personality gradually stabilizes as people age. However, this does not mean that our traits do not change over a lifetime. Some temperaments are more stable than others.

7. Nature vs. Nurture Issue • Nature - Heredity & Genetics • Nurture - Environmental Influences • Twin Studies are used to determine which is influencing our behavior. Longitudinal & Cross-sectional studies are also used.

8. Developmental Psychology

9. Genetic Basics • Each Parent contributes 23 Chromosomes • A Human has a total of 46 Chromosomes • Each Chromosome contains DNA • Genotype (Underlying Trait) • Phenotype (Observable Trait) • Dominant vs. Recessive Genes

10. Punnet Square (Genetic %)

11. Genetic Possibilities

12. Developing Through the Life Span Prenatal Development and the Newborn • Conception • Prenatal Development • The Competent Newborn Infancy and Childhood • Physical Development • Cognitive Development

13. Prenatal Development and the Newborn How, over time, did we come to be who we are? From zygote to birth, development progresses in an orderly, though fragile, sequence.

14. Conception A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuses to form one fertilized cell. Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company

15. Prenatal Development A zygote is a fertilized cell with 100 cells that become increasingly diverse. At about 14 days the zygote turns into an embryo (a and b). Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company Biophoto Associates/ Photo Researchers, Inc.

16. Prenatal Development At 9 weeks, an embryo turns into a fetus (c and d). Teratogens are chemicals or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the developing fetus. Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company

17. Prenatal Risks Teratogens – Poisons that can pass through the Placenta • Radiation • Toxic Industrial Chemicals (Mercury) • Diseases: Rubella, AIDS, Herpes, Syphallis • Drugs: Alcohol, Cocaine, Heroin • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome & Birth Defects

18. Common Birth Defects

19. People with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21, or part of it. They suffer a mild mental retardation Down’s Syndrome

20. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

21. Symptoms of FAS • low birth weight • small head circumference • failure to thrive • developmental delay • organ dysfunction • facial abnormalities, epilepsy • poor coordination/fine motor skills • poor socialization skills, • lack of imagination or curiosity • learning difficulties • behavioral problems • Hyperactivity • inability to concentrate,

22. Tay-Sachs Disease • Deterioration of the Central Nervous System • Defective enzyme (hexosaminidase A) • Recessive Gene (Genetic Disorder) • 1/3500 (common in Ashkenazi Jews)

23. Turner’s Syndrome • Turner’s Syndrome • Caused by a single X-chromosome.

24. 47 XXY Caused by and extra X chromosome in males 1 out of 1,000 live male births Klinefelter’s syndrome

25. Phenylketonuria • PKU • Brain fails to develop in Infancy • Defective Enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase) • Recessive Gene • 1/12,000

26. Cystic Fibrosis • Mucus clogs lungs, liver, and pancreas • Failure of chloride ion transport system • Recessive Gene • 1/2500 (Caucasians) • Results in premature death

27. Sickle Cell Anemia • Poor blood circulation • Abnormal Hemoglobin molecules • Recessive Gene • 1/625 (African Americans)

28. Hemophilia • Blood fails to clot • Defective blood clotting factor VII • Sex Linked Recessive Gene • 1/10,000 (males)

29. Huntington’s Disease • Brain tissue gradually deteriorates in middle age • Production of an inhibitor of brain cell metabolism • Dominant Gene • 1/24,000 • Results in death

30. Muscular Dystrophy • Muscles waste away • Degradation of myelin coating on nerves stimulating muscles • Sex-Linked Recessive Gene • 1/3700 (Males)

31. Stages of Life Chart Prenatal: • Conception • Zygote • Embryo • Fetus • Birth

32. Stages of Life Chart • Infancy (Birth to 2 years old) • Childhood (2 through puberty) • Adolescence (Puberty to 20) • Young Adulthood (20 to 40) • Middle Adulthood (40 to 60) • Late Adulthood (60 to 80+)

33. INFANCY Birth to 2 years Old

34. Physical Development- Children • Very poor eyesight at birth (visual cliff) • Cephalocaudal Development (head to toe) • Brain is only 25% of adult size & lbs. • Dendrites & neural connections must increase & Myelin must grow creating faster, more coordinated movements.

35. Infant Reflexes • Babinski Response - fanning out of toes as sole of foot is stroked

36. The Competent Newborn Infants are born with reflexes that aid in survival to locate food. • Sucking- occurs when lips are touched • Rooting- turning head as cheek is touched

37. Infant Reflexes • Grasping- when palm is touched • Moro - Startle reflex : arching back with flailing of arms & legs

38. Cognitive Development in the Newborn Investigators study infants becoming habituated to objects over a period of time. Infants pay more attention to new objects than habituated ones, which shows they are learning.

39. Infancy and Childhood Infancy and childhood span from birth to the teenage years. During these years, the individual grows physically, cognitively, and socially.

40. Physical Development Infants’ psychological development depends on their biological development. To understand the emergence of motor skills and memory, we must understand the developing brain. THE JOB OF CHILDREN IS TO PLAY!!!!

41. Developing Brain The developing brain overproduces neurons. Peaking around 28 billion at 7 months, these neurons are pruned to 23 billion at birth. The greatest neuronal spurt is in the frontal lobe enabling the individual to think rationally.

42. Maturation The development of the brain unfolds based on genetic instructions, causing various bodily and mental functions to occur in sequence— standing before walking, babbling before talking—this is called maturation. Maturation sets the basic course of development, while experience adjusts it.

43. Motor Development First, infants begin to roll over. Next, they sit unsupported, crawl, and finally walk. Experience has little effect on this sequence. Renee Altier for Worth Publishers Phototake Inc./ Alamy Images Profimedia.CZ s.r.o./ Alamy Jim Craigmyle/ Corbis

44. Maturation and Infant Memory The earliest age of conscious memory is around 3½ years (Bauer, 2002). A 5-year-old has a sense of self and an increased long-term memory, thus organization of memory is different from 3-4 years. Courtesy of Carolyn Rovee-Collier Amy Pedersen

45. Cognitive Development Piaget believed that the driving force behind intellectual development is our biological development amidst experiences with the environment. Our cognitive development is shaped by the errors we make. Both photos: Courtesy of Judy DeLoache

46. Schemas Schemas are mental molds into which we pour our experiences.

47. Assimilation and Accommodation The process of assimilation involves incorporating new experiences into our current understanding (schema). The process of adjusting a schema and modifying it is called accommodation. Bill Anderson/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Jean Piaget with a subject

48. Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking

49. Sensorimotor Stage In the sensorimotor stage, babies take in the world by looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping. Children younger than 6 months of age do not grasp object permanence, i.e., objects that are out of sight are also out of mind. Doug Goodman

50. Object Permanence