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Human Development

Human Development. By george causer and joe dale. Texts. Alan Richards and John Waterbury. 2008. The Political Economy of the Middle East . Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Chapter 4 (“Human capital: health, education, and labor markets”)

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Human Development

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  1. Human Development By george causer and joe dale

  2. Texts • Alan Richards and John Waterbury. 2008. The Political Economy of the Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Chapter 4 (“Human capital: health, education, and labor markets”) • TarikYousef. 2003. Development, growth, and policy reform in the Middle East and North Africa since 1950. Journal of Economic Perspectives,18(3), 91-116. • Lisa Blaydes and Mark Kayser. 2011. Counting calories: Democracy and distribution in the developing world. International Studies Quarterly, 55, pp. 807-908.

  3. Development- A Concept • Definitions- HDI, AHDI, GDP per capita • The need for a balanced view; inequality, quality of life, life expectancy. • Education, Health, ‘Calorie inequality’ all pointed out as measurements of development

  4. Health • Two key important factors health and education which are vital to labour market • Garfield Significant increases in young child mortality are extremely rare this century’ • Child Immunisation key • Food supplements • 10 % increase in girls enrolment primary education= 4.1 deaths per 1000 decrease

  5. Education • MENA in comparison to World has poor literacy rates • Historical basis of states with little established legacy • Recent massive increase in spending • Massive divisions Rural v City • Standard of Education poor within schools

  6. Education • Focus on University by State • Leads to high number of Graduates Families often focus on one member which can reduce average literacy rates

  7. Economics • Low Basepoint • ‘Lowest levels of socioeconomic development in the world’ TarikYousef • ‘Bloated’ public sector • Corruption and the Black Market • ‘Interventionist- Redistributive Model’

  8. Labour Market • Unemployment high; especially amongst educated • ‘Rentier’ state and the Dutch Disease • FDI? Industrial Strategy? • Reform?

  9. Counting Calories • ‘Calorie Inequality’ and the effect on development • Gini co-efficient

  10. Arab World, Kerala and Yemen • OECD average HDI- 0.873 • Kerala HDI-0.790 • Arab World- 0.641 • Yemen HDI- 0.462 • Primary products exports to GDP- Yemen 46% • Reasons- Govt. policy in Kerala compared to MENA avg. and Yemen • Why is HDI inadequate in both cases? • What does Kerala prove is good about HDI? • Could the MENA learn anything from Kerala?

  11. Conclusion • The MENA region is underdeveloped overall. • Though it compares well to South Asia, given its wealth it has often struggled to mirror development per capita • Kerala as an example shows what investment in literacy and health can achieve • However it also shows the struggles of an educated workforce with inadequate employment opportunities • This is a shared problem with MENA • MENA has the resources to invest in other industries to achieve this balanced growth

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