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The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763)

The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763). The Duel for North America. France Finds a Foothold in Canada. 1. late to colonial scene 2. King Louis XIV became king; took interest in overseas colonies 3. 1608, France establishes Quebec- overlooks St. Law river. Samuel de Champlain.

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The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763)

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  1. The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763) The Duel for North America

  2. France Finds a Foothold in Canada • 1. late to colonial scene • 2. King Louis XIV became king; took interest in overseas colonies • 3. 1608, France establishes Quebec- overlooks St. Law river

  3. Samuel de Champlain • Known as the “Father of New France” • Had friendly relations with Huron Indians and helped them defeat Iroquois • Iroquois would fight back (Br. Allies) later in Ohio Valley efforts

  4. Differences btw French and English Colonists • 1. French colonists didn’t go to the New world in hordes • 2. French monarch in control; no representative assemblies, no trail by jury rights • 3. Peasants in France too poor to leave- and Huguenots were not allowed to leave! • 4. France– favored Caribbean colonies (sugar/rum)

  5. New France (Canada) Fans Out • VALUABLE RESOURCE is the BEAVER hunters known as coureurs de bois • Named several places (Baton Rouge, red stick), (Terre Haute, high land), ( • Beaver pop down

  6. New France Develops… • 1. Indians were used to help hunt for beavers also. • 2. Missionaries tried to convert Indians like whoa

  7. French Founded Places! • 1. Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit in 1701 to stop English expansion in Ohio Valley • 2. Louisiana founded 1682 by Robert de La Salle to stop Spanish expansion near Gulf of Mexico

  8. French Establish Trading Posts • All along Illinois • Became access for grain to be shipped down the Mississippi river to then be exported to W. Indies and Europe

  9. Clash of Empires • King William’s War (1689-97) • Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) English are fighting the French beaver hunters and their Indian allies Guerrila warfare

  10. Indian Allies of France go after… • Schenectady, New York, and Deerfield, MA. • Tomahawk and torches ravage the colonial villages and frontiers

  11. Tomahawk

  12. Scalping

  13. King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War • The British did try to capture Quebec and Montreal but FAILED (did get Port Royal for a bit) • But English did start to put pressure on St. Lawrence Settlements • The peace deal at Utrecht in 1713 gave Acadia (renamed Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, Hudson Bay to England

  14. The War of Jenkin’s Ear, 1739 • Peace of Utrecht gave Britain limited trading rights with Spanish America • Problems with smuggling • British Captain Jenkin’s had his ear cut off by a Spanish commander • Conflict broke out btw Spaniards and British

  15. War of Jenkin’s Ear, 1739 • 1. War confined to the Caribbean Sea and Georgia • 2. War merged with War of Austrian Succession- later called King George’s War in America

  16. King George’s War • 3. France allied itself with Spain but England’s troops captured the fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island • But peace terms gave this fortress back to France in 1745. Outraged English colonists

  17. North America in 1750

  18. 1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley: Became a hot spot of conflict British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne* George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

  19. Young George Washington fights with the French • 1754- VA gov. sends 21 year old George Washington to the Ohio country as a lieutenant (150 VA minutemen)

  20. Washington Inaugurates War with France • 1. Encounter French near Fort Duquesne and killed French leader • 2. Later, French returned and surrounded Fort Necessity- made Washington surrender

  21. Jumonville Glen, Pennsylvania, site of the skirmish that began the French & Indian War

  22. Global War and Colonial Disunity • French and Indian War (7 Years’ War) • 1. started with Washington’s battle with French • 2. England and Prussia VS. Fr, Spa, Austria, Russia • 3. Fought not only in America, but Europe, West Indies, Africa, Philippines, ocean!

  23. Battle all over the World! • “America was conquered in Germany” said by William Pitt • Fredrick the Great repelled French, Austrian and Russian armies. British provided him with gold. • French wasted efforts in Europe and thus could not have success in New World conflicts

  24. Purpose of Inter-colonial Congress • Held in Albany, NY • To achieve English colonial unity against the French

  25. 1754  Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA • Albany Congress failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

  26. 1755  Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Amer. Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) • Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia. • Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian forces. Only Br. Success  expelled France from Louisiana. CAJUNS

  27. 1756  War Is Formally Declared! Lord Loudouin Marquis de Montcalm Native American tribes exploited both sides!

  28. British-American Colonial Tensions Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics. • March in formation or bayonet charge. MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. MilitaryDiscipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

  29. 1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister • He understood colonial concerns. • He offered them a compromise: - col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs. -Lord Loudoun would be removed. RESULTS? Colonial morale increased by 1758.

  30. William Pitt’s Palms of Victory • 1758 Louisbourg falls • 1759 Battle for Quebec is a significant battle. Fell to British. • 1760 Montreal falls. Marks the last time French flags fly on American soil

  31. 1758-1761  The Tide Turns for England *By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

  32. 1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain -->got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England -->got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

  33. North America in 1763

  34. Final French Loss… • Lost Louisiana to Spain to compensate for Spain’s losses in the war. Spain and France were allied during this time… • England maintained supremacy of the seas and a great power in North America.

  35. Effects of the War on Britain? 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

  36. Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1.It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

  37. Restless Colonies • 1. Yay for British victory… • 2. Americans saw themselves as equals to British • 3. British did not agree…

  38. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

  39. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

  40. BACKLASH! British Proclamation Line of 1763. Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)

  41. Rethinking Their Empire Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling: • 1761 writs of assistance • James Otis’ case • Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute. • He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equalweight.

  42. George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765 1. Sugar Act - 1764 2. Currency Act - 1764 3. Quartering Act - 1765 4. Stamp Act - 1765

  43. Theories of Representation Real Whigs Q->What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? Absolute? OR Limited? Q->How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body??

  44. Stamp Act Crisis Loyal Nine- 1765 Sons of Liberty– began in NYC:Samuel Adams Stamp Act Congress– 1765*Stamp Act Resolves Declaratory Act– 1766

  45. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770 1767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. • Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries. • He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. • Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. • Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston.

  46. Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties 1. John Dickinson  1768*Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania. 2. 1768  2nd non-importation movement:*“Daughters of Liberty”*spinning bees 3. Riots against customs agents:* John Hancock’s ship, the Liberty.* 4000 British troops sent to Boston.

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