Roads to Revolution 1763-1776

1. Roads to Revolution1763-1776 Chapter 5

2. Problems with France • In North America • King George’s War • 1744-1748 • Didn’t solve problems • Virginians moved into region to trade with Indians. • So, 1753: France built chain of forts in Ohio Valley.

3. Albany Plan of Union • 1754 • First plan for uniting the colonies • 7 colonies (north of Virginia) • Met in Albany, NY

4. Ben Franklin • Proposed • Loose confederation with representatives • Grand Council power • to tax, • raise troops, • regulate Indian trade, • mutual defense

5. Join or Die

6. Puzzler • Who is Chief Hendrick?

7. http://www.donaldheald.com/pictures/20622.jpg

8. Theyanoguin, ("Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Row"), a.k.a. Chief Hendrick, (ca. 1680-1755) was a Mohawk leader and a major figure in colonial affairs. He first visited England in 1710 as one of the "Four Indian Kings," and was indeed considered their leader, despite his youth and his relatively modest role in the Iroquois Confederacy. As a member of that contingent he caused a sensation in England and became a symbol of Britain's Indian allies in the colonies. He advocated peace between the Six Nations and Great Britain and advised colonial leaders at the Albany Congress (1754) on the principles of Iroquois government. He was perhaps the most important individual link in a chain of alliances that saved the New York frontier and probably all of New England from French invasion during the initial stages of the French and Indian War. He remained on friendly terms with white settlers in the colonies while also acting as an advocate for Indian rights. Shannon says that by the 1740s he was "the most widely recognized Indian leader in the northern colonies." Theyanoguin was killed at the battle of Lake George on September 8, 1755. • Source: http://www.ilab.org/db/detail.php?booknr=350964305

9. Enter G. Washington • 21-year old surveyor • Led colonial troops to get the French out of Ohio Valley • First bloodshed of what became known as F&I War • GW retreats and build Fort Necessity

10. Out of Necessity… • Fort Necessity fell to French force • July 4, 1754 • Washington surrender • Permitted to withdraw with his survivors

11. War goes poorly… • …for the British, initially • General Braddock defeated by French ambush in 1755 • Large loss of life including Braddock’s • Minimal French casualties • Anglo-Americans disorganized to French advantage

12. Until… • Iroquois and most Ohio Indians agreed to end support of French and withdraw from Fort Duquesne • Britain captures Duquesne and other forts. • Other Native Americans actively joined Anglo-Americans.

13. And… • William Pitt takes control of British military affairs • Reverses course of war • “I know that I can save this country and that no one else can.” • Mobilized colonial troops • British navy cut off French

14. Colonial Troop Commitments • Unprecedented colonial support due to Pitt’s promise to pay for F&I War expenses not the colonials • Colonials capture Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg in 1758 • Montreal surrendered 1760

15. Map 5.1: The Seven Year’s War in America

16. It’s not over until it’s over • Fighting over in North America • Continues in Europe 3 years • Seven Years’ War officially ended with Treaty of Paris 1763 • France gave up everything east of Mississippi (except New Orleans) to the British

17. What else changes? • France cedes Louisiana to Spain: Treaty of San Ildefonso • 1762 • France maintains few fishing islands of Newfoundland and sugar islands in West Indies • England supreme in North America

18. Map 5.2: European Powers in North America 1763

19. Puzzler • How old was George III when he came to the British throne in 1760?

20. 22 years old • George III was born in 1738, first son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta. He married Charlotte of Mecklinburg-Strelitz in 1761, to whom he was devoted. The couple produced a prolific fifteen children: nine sons and six daughters. George was afflicted with porphyria, a maddening disease which disrupted his reign as early as 1765. Several attacks strained his grip on reality and debilitated him in the last years of his reign. Personal rule was given to his son George, the Prince Regent, in 1811. George III died blind, deaf and mad at Windsor Castle on January 29, 1820. • Source: http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon55.html

21. Anglo-Indian Conflicts • Added to British debt • British treated Indians as subjects NOT allies • Colonial squatters moved into Indian lands • Indians afraid British troops encouraged colonial encroachments

22. Neolin • Delaware religious prophet • Large inter-tribal following • Wanted complete repudiation of European culture, goods, and alliances

23. Pontiac • Ottawa Indian • Spring-Summer 1763 • Attacked British forts near Great Lakes as well as those near Pittsburgh and Detroit • Attacks lasted over 3 years • Shortages of food & ammo

24. Germ Warfare • British officers deliberately distributed blankets infected with smallpox at a peace talk

25. 1763 Proclamation • Issued by King George III • Hoped to end fighting • Took complete control of land transactions, settlement, & trade west of Appalachians for non-Indians • Royal power vs. colonial power

26. Results • Recognized existing Indian land titles west of Proclamation line until land ceded by treaty • Angered colonies • Subordinated their western claims to royal authority • Slowed expansion • Parliament left 10,000 troops

27. A Standing Army • Colonists help pay the expense • Appeared as a peacetime “standing army” to many colonials • Troops hindering, not helping, prosperity to the West.

28. Otis Loses • James Otis, lawyer • Challenges constitutionality of writs of assistance • Loses • Identical writs were being used in England

29. Fundamental Questions • Raised by Otis • “Does Parliament possess the authority to violate any of the traditional rights of Englishmen?” • “If Parliament exceeds limits, will their acts bind?” • Guess Otis’ position!

30. Sugar Act • 1764 • Raise revenues to help offset Britain’s military expenses in North America • Ended Britain’s long-standing policy of exempting colonial trade from revenue-raising measures

31. Admiralty Courts • Like military courts • Guilty until proven innocent • Judge decides not jury • Motivation: Judge got 5% of any confiscated cargo • All cases heard in Halifax, Nova Scotia

32. Britain “Acts Up”

33. So do the Colonists • Colonists continued smuggling molasses until 1766 • Duty lowered to a penny to discourage smuggling • Sugar Act burden felt by MA, NY, & PA • Overall opposition fragmented & ineffective

34. Who says stamps are dull? • Triggered colonial political storm • Patrick Henry-May 1765 • 29 year-old lawyer & planter • Urged Burgesses to contest Britain’s power to tax colonies • Encouraged others in colonies

35. The Loyal Nine • Boston, middle-class artisans and small business owners • Against Stamp Act • Tax collectors “weak link” • Boston had really suffered from Sugar Act, too • What happens when large crowds gather?.....

36. Who was Andrew Oliver? • Boston’s stamp distributor • August 14: hung in effigy • Loyal 9 warned him to “Get out of Dodge” [resign immediately] • At dusk, Oliver’s new building at the dock was demolished • Crowd “beheaded” effigy & “stamped” it to pieces

37. Wait, there’s more! • Crowd ruined Oliver’s house • Lt. Governor and Sheriff driven off by rock-throwing crowd • Guess who resigned his position the next morning? • You’re right: Andrew Oliver!

38. Another Riot • Lt. Governor Hutchinson’s home demolished • Grudge-holding smugglers targeted him because symbol of the evil royal crown. • Yet another violent outbreak in Newport, Rhode Island

39. Sons of Liberty • Progeny of the Loyal Nine • Sons of Liberty formed through out the colonies • Focused actions strictly against property • Martyrs are valuable: only lives lost over taxation would be SoL.

40. Stamp Act Congress • October 1765 • New York City • Entirely different response than at the Albany Congress • “The Ministry never imagined we could or would so generally unite in opposition to their measures.”

41. Responses • Late 1765, most stamp distributors resigned or fled • Royal customs officers who refused to do their jobs were threatened with loss of pay • Merchants threatened to sue if cargoes spoiled while delayed in port

42. Colonial Elites • Took over leadership of local Sons of Liberty groups • Colonial legislatures restored normal business • Concerned chaos would break out • Feared British troops might be sent to enforce Stamp Act

43. John Dickinson said thisabout that “…a multitude of Commonwealths, Crimes, and Calamities, Centuries of mutual jealousies, Hatred, Wars of Devastation, till at last the exhausted provinces shall sink into savagery under the yoke of some fortunate Conqueror.”

44. Colonial Boycott • To force Stamp Act repeal • October 31, 1765 • NY’s merchants agreed to boycott all British goods • Followed in other colonies • 40% of British manufactured goods bought by colonies, so…

45. William Pitt to the rescue • January 1766 • “I rejoice that America has resisted.” • Parliamentary support to repeal Tax Act grew • March 1766: Stamp Act revoked, BUT…

46. Enter the Declaratory Act • Issued in conjunction with repealing Stamp Act • Affirmed parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies in “all cases whatsoever.” • Similar to 1719 issuance regarding Ireland

47. Agree to Disagree • Colonists saw as “face saving” by Parliament • Parliament meant Colonies to take Declaratory Act seriously • Everyone glad to put 1765 behind them • Sons of Liberty disbanded • Deep loyalty to “Old England”

48. Oppositionists • John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon, et al… [in England] • Since 1720, prime ministers exploited treasury to the profit of politicians or to buy voters • “Conspiracy against liberty” • Feared influence of those close to the king

49. Opposition at home • Over next 10 years, lots of pamphlets denouncing British efforts to “enslave” the colonies through excessive taxes, standing armies, royal officials. • Seen as assaults on liberty and natural rights.

50. To the Pulpits • Many Protestant clergymen urged their congregations to “stand up for liberty and God.” • Like Calvinist tradition of battling for the Lord. • Anglican ministers tried to stay neutral. • Quakers stayed out of debate.