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South America

South America. Earliest art 8800 b.c.e. Time frame of focus: 1500 b.c.e. - 1550 b.c. West South America Dry Coast, mountains, rain forest Little Rain Shamanistic, Kingship Chavin, Parascas, Nasca, Moche, Tiwanaku, Wari,, Lambayeque, Chimu, Chancay & Inca Pottery, Gold, Textiles

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South America

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  1. South America • Earliest art 8800 b.c.e. • Time frame of focus: 1500 b.c.e. - 1550 b.c. • West South America • Dry Coast, mountains, rain forest • Little Rain • Shamanistic, Kingship • Chavin, Parascas, Nasca, Moche, Tiwanaku, Wari,, Lambayeque, Chimu, Chancay & Inca • Pottery, Gold, Textiles • Condors, pumas, Llamas, jaguar, caiman, monkey, macaw, etc.

  2. Worldview • Commonalities • Huaca: “active interrelations” • Camay: “create, manifest, infuse with energy” • Ayni: “two make whole” (reciprocity, male/female) • Tinku: “two to make a third” • Pachakuti: embrace “change and flux” • Ukhu: “interior” that is concealed but important • Qumpi: preciousness, creativity, lavishness • Cyclicality • Sacred places, transference of energy

  3. Chapter 2: Early and Chavin: Lithic Period, 10,000-3,000 b.c.e. • Valdivia • 4000 b.c.e. • Women • Fertility • Ritually killed • Mummification • 5000 b.c. • Chinchorro, Chile • Dry • Textiles • Sedge plants

  4. Cotton Pre-Ceramic Period 3000-1800 b.c.e. • 3000 b.c.e. • Melting icecaps / floods • Textiles • Finger woven • Loom? • Huaca Preita • Weaving site • Twining • Warp (v)/ weft (h) • Raptor • Coiled snake • Hybridity • Ayni: 2 make whole

  5. Great Pyramid at Caral, 2800 b.c.e. • Earliest pyramid • 60’ • 30 structures • 160 acres • Plaster • White, yellow, red • Platforms • Enlargements • Shicras; rock fill

  6. Caral Ampitheater

  7. Temple of Crossed Hands, Kotosh, Huanuco (Peru), 2000-1800 b.c.e., • 2450 b.c.e. • 2 Adobe mounds • Buried • Protection • Duality

  8. Rock painting of Pregnant Vicunas, Cuchimachay, Peru • Pre-Ceramic period • 3000-1800 b.c.e. • S. Peru • Rock Shelters • Hunting camps • Camelids • Fertility • lifestyle • Fewer Humans

  9. Rock paintings, Cuchimachay, Peru

  10. Rock paintings, Cuchimachay, Peru

  11. Feline Head, Huaca de los Reyes, Caballo Muerto, Pre-Ceramic, 1300 b.c.e., • Initial Period • 1800-800 b.c.e. • Sedentary • Looms • Fired clay statues • Pink, blue white • U-shaped structures • Facing mountain (apus) • Water • Feline Head • 5’7” • painted

  12. Lanzon Cult Image, Chavin, 900 – 200 b.c.e. • Shamanistic practices • Spiders, insects, toads

  13. Chavin de Huantar, Callejon de Conchucos,1100-500 b.c.e. • Valley • U-shaped • East facing • Stone carvings • Tenon heads • White/black granite

  14. Chavin de Huantar, Callejon de Conchucos,1100-500 b.c.e. Sunken Circular Court Figures

  15. Lanzon Cult Image, Chavin, 900 – 200 b.c.e. • “Great Lance” • Blade • Farming • Oracle • Monolith • 15’ • Center of Old Temple • 4 directions • World tree • Chakana  • Chavin Supreme Deity • Rain Forest • Natural fertility • Entheogens (spirit within / Ukhu) • Twisted Pattern • Universe Intertwined/Interdependent • Offerings • Corn beer, water, gold, shell

  16. Tenon Heads, Temple of Chavin de Huantar, 900 – 200 b.c.e. • Tenon - pegged (100) • Individualized • Shamanistic transformation

  17. Black and White Portal Reliefs, Chavin, 900 – 200 b.c.e., • New Temple • B/W stone portal • Duality / Ahni

  18. Black and White Portal Reliefs, Chavin, 900 – 200 b.c.e., • Anthropomorphic • Beaks, fangs, tails, wings • Male • Hawk • Female • Vagina Dentata • Eagle

  19. Raimondi Stela, Chavin, 900 – 200 b.c.e., • Staff bearing deity • Duality within single figure • 7’ • Granite • Upright/ inverted image

  20. Chavin Textiles • Cloth 3000 b.c.e. • Karwa burial site • Stone carvings at the site of Chavin de Huantar. • Staff God: • Clawed hands and feet, • Serpent hair, belt • Cotton • Brown and pink die • Female figures • Eyes as breats • Fanged vaginas • Intertwined staffs

  21. Santa Ana Stirrup-spout vessel Chavin, 900-200 b.c.e. Cupisnique Thick / lip at top • Incising, burnishing • Jaguars, humans plants fruit • Thin walls • Stirrup = Tinku • Santa Ana • Red and black • Fanged hads • Pendent iris

  22. Chapter 3: Paracas and NascaOculate Being, Paracas, 750 b.c.e. and 100 c.e. • Early Horizon and Early Intermediate Period • Peak 200-500 c.e. • Paracas and Nasca South Coast • Paracas - “Sand Falling like Rain” • Village Culture • Burial - bundles of textiles • Ceramics • Oculate: Holes for eyes • Fertility cult • Stuck out tongue • Snakes • 2nd mask • Repetition, variety, polychrome • Yellow, green, terracotta, white black • “Smudge blackware” • Painted resin • Post-fired painting

  23. Mummy Bundle, Paracas • Burial • Dry temperatures • Fetal position • Layers of textiles • 5,000 - 29,000 production hours • Nose rings, spondylus shell necklace, embroidered garments • Royalty - 7’ of cloth & offerings • Commoner - cotton cloth, pottery

  24. Embroidered Mantle, Paracas • Linear Style • 200 b.c.e. • Cotton / wool • Series of outlines • Red green, gold, blue • Negative space part of image • Columnar • Abstract felines, birds, snakes, faces • Center - oculate being • Access spirit realm • Master of the Animals

  25. Embroidered Mantle, Paracas • Cotton/wool • Post-linear style • Series of outlines filled in with color • Up to 19 colors • Recognizable beings • Transformation

  26. Flying Shaman Mantle, Paracas • 40 types • Block color style • Sacred mushroom • Trance state pinwheel • Polychrome • Dynamic movement

  27. Paracas Embroidery Styles

  28. Nasca • Post-Paracas • Chiefdom • No genetic distinction • Similar subject matter and ceramics • Different technology • Slip (not post-fired) • Painting on cloth • Ceramic style • Early naturalism • Later Abstract • Maroon gray and blue-grey • Goldwork • Chavin, Paracas tradition • Gold/copper • Thin sheets

  29. Nasca CeramicsDouble Spout and Bridge Vessel • Achira - cactus plant • Zig-zags • Contrasting color • Hand-built • Slip • Wheel to shape

  30. Double Spout and Bridge Vessel with Battle Scene, Nasca

  31. Nasca Pottery

  32. Flying Shaman Vessel, Nasca • Middle Nasca • Increased design • Abstraction • Flying beings • Feline/Human • Shamanistic • Visions

  33. Nasca Geoglyphs • Subtractive drawings • Dark over light stones • 130 sq. mi. • Features: • Point towards Sun Rainy Season • Direction of Streams • Connect rivers • Process • Obseration • Fires • Purpose • Calendar • Map • Clan • Fertility • Ceremony

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