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Humans and Nature: Ecological and Cultural Stages

Humans and Nature: Ecological and Cultural Stages. Humans vs . nature: Agricultural societies 10,000-12,000 years ago. Humans in nature: Early hunter-gatherers 3 million years ago. Humans in nature: Advanced hunter-gatherers 1.5 million years ago. Humans with nature:

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Humans and Nature: Ecological and Cultural Stages

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  1. Humans and Nature:Ecological and Cultural Stages

  2. Humans vs. nature: Agricultural societies10,000-12,000 years ago Humans in nature: Early hunter-gatherers3 million years ago Humans in nature: Advanced hunter-gatherers1.5 million years ago Humans with nature: Sustainable societiesThe near future?? Humans vs. nature: Industrial societies1850 - present

  3. Early hunter-gatherers3 million years ago • Population densities: LOW • Energy sources: HUMAN MUSCLE POWER • Tools: PRIMITIVE (stone, bone, wood) • Effects on environment: MINIMAL Local effects on plant and animal populations due to over-harvesting

  4. Advanced hunter-gatherers1.5 million years ago • Population densities: LOW • Energy sources: HUMAN MUSCLE POWER, FIRE • Tools: PRIMITIVE (stone, bone, wood) • Effects on environment: LOW TO MODERATE • Local effects on plant and animal populations • Moderate effects due to mass killings of herd animals and use of fire to flush game

  5. Advanced hunter-gatherers1.5 million years ago “Pleistocene overkill”: • Pleistocene extinctions of certain large mammals may have been hastened by excessive hunting • E.g., Mammoths, mastodons, ground sloths in North America; certain primitive marsupials in Australia

  6. Advanced hunter-gatherers1.5 million years ago Primitive habitat management • Neolithic humans realized that burned-over areas attracted game (e.g., grazers to regenerating grasslands) • Used fire to manipulate habitat and draw in prey

  7. Agricultural societies10,000 – 12,000 years ago • Population densities: GENERALLY LOW, but -numerous VILLAGES (up to 500 people) -some TOWNS (up to 25,000 people) -a few CITIES / URBAN CENTRES • Energy sources: HUMAN MUSCLE POWER FIRE DOMESTIC ANIMALS WIND and WATER POWER in later phases

  8. Agricultural societies10,000 – 12,000 years ago • Tools: METAL, CERAMICS, GLASS • Effects on environment: MODERATE TO LOCALLY SEVERE Transition from nomadic or semi-nomadic to sedentary lifestyle Dawn of the NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION: the development of AGRICULTURE in the new stone age

  9. Agricultural societies10,000 – 12,000 years ago

  10. Agricultural societies10,000 – 12,000 years ago

  11. Agriculture

  12. Agriculture

  13. Agriculture

  14. Agriculture

  15. Industrial societies

  16. Industrial societies

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