Name: _______________________________ Class: ____ 12.1 Forces

1. Name: _______________________________ Class: ____12.1 Forces Chapter 12 Forces and Motion

2. What are we going to learn? • __________________________________________________________________________

3. Misconceptions • A soccer ball sits _______________. You come along and ____________, sending it _________ across the field. It eventually ________ to a _______. You _____________ a _________ to start it ___________, and then it ____________ all on its own, right? • No! • _________ cause all __________ in _________. Just as you __________ a __________ to the ball to __________ it up from ________, the ____________ applied a ________ to _________ it down to a _______. If the ground _________ apply a force to the ball, it would ________________ forever __________ slowing down or ______________.

4. Misconception: ______________________________ ____________________________________________ Fact: ______________________________________ ____________________________________________ Forced to Change

6. How are Forces Described? • Force – a _________________________________ • When one __________ pushes or ________ another ________, the first object ________ a _________ on the ___________ object • Ex: You exert a __________ on a computer ______ when you ___________ • Ex: You exert a ________ on a ________ when you pull it ________________________ • Force is _____________ by its _____________ and by the _____________ in which it acts • ___________ to the _______ is a _______________ from ___________ to the __________ • The _____________ and _____________ can be represented by an ___________

7. The arrow _________ in the ____________ of the ________ • The arrow _________ tells you the ___________ (ex: the ___________________, the _______________________) • The ___________ of the force is ______________ in the SI unit called a _____________, after the scientist Sir ___________________ • _____________is the force that ___________ a _______________ mass to _______________ at a rate of 1 meter per second each second __________ • A _________ can cause a ___________ object to ________, or it can _____________ a _________________ by ______________ the object’s ___________________________

9. How do Forces Affect Motion? • Often ____________________ force acts on an _________ at the __________________ • The _________________ of all the __________ on an object is called the ______________ • The net force _______________ if and _______ an ___________ will _________________ • When the ____________ on an object are _____________, the net force is ________ and there is ______________ in the object’s _________ • When an _________________________ acts on an object, the _____________________________

10. You can ________ the ________________ on an object by ____________ together the ______________ of _____ the individual __________ acting on the object • Look at the figure below

11. The big dog pushes on the box with a force of 16 N to the right • The small dog pushes on the box with a force of 10 N to the right • The net force on the box is the sum of these forces • In the situation, there was a nonzero net force • A nonzero net force causes a change in the object’s motion What if the Forces on an Object are not acting in the same Direction? • The big dog pushes with a force of 20 N • The small dog pushes with a force of 10 N • The dogs are pushing against each other

12. When the forces on an object act in opposite directions, the strength of the net force is found by subtracting the strength of the smaller force (think negative) from the strength of the larger force (think positive) • When forces act in opposite directions, the net force is in the same direction as the larger force • In the example, the box will accelerate to the right Let’s try a few examples...

13. Use what you know about net force to describe the motion of the box in the figure. Assume the box starts at rest. • 1. You pull on your dog’s leash to the right with a 12 N force. Your dog pulls to the left with a 6 N force. Sketch this situation, including labeled force arrows. • 2. What is the net force on the leash? Calculate it. Draw and label it.

14. What's the definition of balanced forces? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ • What's the definition of unbalanced forces? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ • When forces are unbalanced and in opposite directions, what is the combined force equal to? What direction is it? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

15. Use your answers above to explain what happens in a tug-of-war stand-off. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ • Use your answers above to explain what happens in a arm-wrestling stand-off. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ • How is a tug-of-war stand-off similar to an arm-wrestling stand-off? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

16. How are the two stand-offs different? _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________

20. Friction • The _________ that _____________ exert on each other when they ________________ each _________ • Ex: If you _________ a ________ across a table, the surface of the ____________________ the surface of the _________ Factors that Affect Friction • 2 ____________: ______________________________ involved how ________ the surfaces are _______________________________

21. Ex: The ______________________ is ___________ on a blocking _______ • If his coach wanted to ______________________ to move the sled, the coach could ____________________________ of the sled. ________________ the ____________ of the sled ________________ would ____________________ and make the sled __________________________. • ___________ surfaces produce ________________ than __________________________ • Ex: if you ___________________________ together ______________, there would be _______________ than if you ___________ your __________________________________ • Friction _____________ when ___________________________ against each other

22. Friction ________ in a _________________________ to the direction of the __________________ (opposes the motion of objects that touch as they move past each other) • _______________ friction, a ____________ object __________________________ until it _________________________________________ • How could you make it easier moving heavy objects? _____________________________________________ • What would happen to the football player if he switched to a much heavier sled? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________

23. Types of Friction • There are ____ main types of _______________: ____________ friction _____________ friction _____________ friction ____________ friction

24. Static Friction • The friction force that _________________________ ____________________________________________ Sliding Friction • A force that _____________ an object’s ______________ of motion as it __________________________ Rolling Friction • The friction force that _________________________ Fluid Friction • This force _____________ an object’s ________________________________________ • Ex: ______________________that acts on an object moving through the air

26. Why is it more difficult to walk on ice than on the floor? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ • Which type of friction keeps your shoes from slipping on the floor? _____________________________________________ • Which type of friction keeps you skating on an icy pond? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ • Which type of friction keeps you skating on an icy pond? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________

27. Question... • How is friction between people like friction between objects? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ • Name 4 types of friction and give an example of each. _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________

28. What types of friction occur between your bike tires and the ground when you ride over cement (__________), ride through a puddle (____________), and apply your brakes (_________________)? • What is friction affected by? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Gravity • A ____________ that acts _________________________________________ • It is an _____________________________ • Earth’s _____________ acts ______________ toward the _______________ of Earth

29. What forces are acting on the skydiver? ____________________________________________ • Which force is greater? ____________________________________________ • How can you tell? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ • How will the skydiver land safely? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

30. Sir Isaac ___________ concluded that a ________________ objects ___________________ toward the __________ of Earth • We are so used to _____________________ that we may not have thought about ___________________ • Newton published his __________________ in 1687. • What observations might you make today that would lead you to the same conclusions about gravity? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

31. Universal Gravitation • Newton realized that __________ acts ______________ in the ____________, not just on Earth • Ex: makes _______________________ to the ground keeps the ___________________________ Earth keeps all the ___________ in our solar system _______________________ the sun Law of Universal Gravitation • The force of __________ acts ___________________ __________ in the universe that _________________ • This means that _________________ in the universe that _______________________________________

32. You are _______________ not only ______________ but also to the ________, the _________________ in the solar system, and _________________________ around you • __________ and the ___________ around you are _________________________ as well • You do _______________ the ____________ among _________ objects because these __________ are _______________________ compared to the _________ of __________________________ • The ________________ force __________________ objects is ____________________ the force ________________________ • You ____________ only the ___________ of the ________________ gravitational ___________

33. Ex: You ___________ your ______________ toward the ______ the way you ____________ toward Earth Factors Affecting Gravity • ____ factors: __________ & ______________ • Mass is a _____________ of the ________________ in an object (SI unit is the _______________) • The ______________ an object has, the ____________ the ___________________________ between it and other objects • Ex: __________ gravitational force on nearby objects is __________ because the ___________________ _________. The ___________________ planets interact with a ______________ gravitational __________________ the _____________________ planets

34. Gravitational _________ also _______________ the ______________ between the objects’ ___________ • Ex: As ______________________, gravitational _____________________. That’s why ________ can _______ a visible gravitational __________________ in your _______ and _____ on a pencil ________________. • Ex: ______________________ would be able to perform _______ that are ______________________ • Gravitational _________ are _________ so golf ______ and baseballs can float or ___________________ • Give an example of another sport which would be affected by reduced gravitational force _____________________________________________

35. What’s that Again? • The ____________ an object has, the ___________ its __________________________ • The __________________________ is __________ one _________ and another, the _____________ the __________________________ between the objects • Between which 2 objects is the gravitational force stronger, a robin and a worm or a bear and a cub? Why? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________

36. Between which 2 objects is the gravitational force stronger, 2 apples in a fruit bowl or 2 apples on different branches of an apple tree? Why? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ • In the solar system, which body exerts the most gravitational force? Why? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________

37. 1. Circle the object in the outermost orbit which experiences the greatest gravitational pull from the sun. • 2. Planet B’s force arrow from the gravitational pull of the sun should be (longer/shorter) than planet A’s arrow. • 3. Draw what a planet would look like it is was the same distance from the sun as Planet C but experienced a smaller gravitational pull from the sun.

38. Mass and Weight • ________ is sometimes ____________ with __________ • Mass is the ___________ of the ________________________ in an object • __________ is a _____________ of the ______________________ on an object • Ex: Your ________________________ displays the ______________________ Earth is ____________________ • What happens to the gravitational force between 2 objects when their masses are increased? _____________________________________________

39. What happens when the distance between the objects increases? ____________________________________________ • If the mass of Earth increased, what would happen to your weight? ____________________________________________ • What about your mass? ____________________________________________ • At any time, your _______ is the ________________ as it would be _______________________________ • But your _________________ with the ___________ of the __________________________

40. The _______ has a _________________________ at different places in the ________________________ • On the _________, he would weigh about _______ of what he ___________________ • On _______, he would weigh just over ______ of what he ____________________

41. The Ups and Downs of It... • __________ causes __________ to ________________________________ • ________________________ acts in the _____________________________ to the ________________ motion of ___________ and ________________________________________ Terminal Velocity • The ____________________ of a falling object when the _______________________________________ the _____________________

42. Projectile Motion • The ________________ of an ____________________________________ and the __________________________________________ causes the ball to ____________________________ • _______________________is a falling object’s ___________________ it is given a _______________________________