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Chapter 24

Chapter 24. World War II. Aggression and Dictators. Communistic Dictatorships Josef Stalin – Soviet Union Totalitarian State – a nation in which a single party controls government and every aspect of people’s lives

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Chapter 24

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  1. Chapter 24 World War II

  2. Aggression and Dictators • Communistic Dictatorships • Josef Stalin – Soviet Union • Totalitarian State – a nation in which a single party controls government and every aspect of people’s lives • Benito Mussolini – appointed prime minister after threatening to overthrow the gov’t • Turned Italy into a fascist state • Fascism: a political system based on militarism, extreme nationalism, and blind loyalty to the state and its leader (end to FoP and all other parties)

  3. Germany • WWI frustrations • Reparations • 1921: Adolf Hitler becomes leader of National Socialist Party (Nazi) • Form of facism • Racism at the core (Anti-Semitism) • Hitler blames Jews for loss during WWI • Great Depression = Hitler as Chancellor • Outlawed parties, secret police • Jews banned from schools, med. and law professions

  4. Japan • Militaristic state • Preached racial domination • Thought they needed more land to expand their nation

  5. Military Aggression • Aggression – a warlike act by one country against another without cause • Japan attacks China (1931) • Army acts w/o permission • League of Nations protests but does nothing • Killed 250K+ • Italy Invades Ethiopia (1935) • League of Nations does nothing

  6. German Aggression • Rebuilding of military against Treaty of Versailles • Sent troops into the Rhineland • Then took over Austria • Hitler threatens to invade Czechoslovakia • Fran. and Brit. Protest • Meeting in Munich • Appeasement – a policy of giving in to aggression in order to avoid war

  7. German Aggression Cont. • Munich Pact: Hitler allowed to take over Sudetenland for not seeking any other land • Couple months later, Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia

  8. American Neutrality • Neutrality Act 1935 • Forbids the president from selling arms, making loans, or giving any form of assistance to any nation involved in a war • Good Neighbor Policy • FDR believed this would strengthen ties in Latin America • Frees Cuba • Pulls American direct influence out of Latin America

  9. War in Europe • Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland • Nazi-Soviet Pact • Poland split between the two • Surprises the World – WHY? • Stalin invades Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia • France and Britain declare war on Germany • April 1940: Denmark and Norway fall to Germany

  10. War cont. • Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium fall in May • 6 weeks later, France surrenders • Battle of Britain • Bombing raids by Germany • Germany tries to invade Britain • June 22, 1941: Hitler invades Soviet Union

  11. The United States goes to WAR!!!

  12. Congressional Sympathies • Lend-Lease Act • Favored by most Americans – WHY? • Better than Supplies for Cash • Help anyone fighting Nazis • Military Buildup • Cong. Approves more Mil. Spending • Peacetime draft • Af. Am. Mil. Units

  13. Atlantic Charter • Roosevelt and Churchill • Neither nation would seek territorial gain • All people will have right to choose own government • New international organization

  14. Events leading to War • Japan invades Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam • Roosevelt bans metal trade and oil trade with Japan • So…………..

  15. Pearl Harbor

  16. “Day of Infamy” http://www.archive.org/details/FranklinDelanoRooseveltDayOfInfamySpeech

  17. The War (Eur. Theatre) • 9 countries (Axis Powers) vs. 50 countries (Allied Powers) • Total War: conflict utilizing more than just armed forces • Eastern Front: • Soviet Winter • Stalingrad is held • Ends with Soviet victory in Stalingrad

  18. The War (Eur. Theatre) • Southern Front: • Rommel swept across Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt • Eventually stopped and caused to retreat by the British • Gen. Eisenhower occupies Morocco and Algeria

  19. The War (Pac. Theatre) • Japan takes over Philippines and forces MacArthur to retreat • MacArthur is given command of entire Pacific forces • Bataan Death March • 70K American and Pilipino • 65 mile march

  20. The War (Pac. Theatre) • The Turning Points of the War: • Battle of Coral Sea • US keeps Japan from New Guinea • New style of naval warfare • Battle of Midway • Americans destroy 4 carriers, 322 aircraft

  21. The Domestic War • Building the Military • Draft • 15 million volunteers and draftees • Women • Nurses, pilots, secretaries

  22. Domestic Actions • Economy • War Production Board • Output is doubled • Required Support • Food, clothing, and equipment donated • Victory gardens • War bonds • Rationing: limits on scarce goods • Use of coupons • Coffee, sugar, meat, shoes, gasoline, tires

  23. Women in Industry • What types of Jobs would be open? • Furnace tenders, welders, crane operators • Women gain confidence • How does this affect their future? • Rosie the Riveter – What makes her so important?

  24. Japanese Americans • Intern-temporarily imprison • Exec. Order 9066 – Any proof? • 110K Japanese placed in camps • “take what you can” • Some were given $ upon release • Formal apology in 1990 • 442nd Nisei Regimental Combat Team • Most decorated unit in United States history

  25. Others in Crisis • German and Italian Americans were also placed into internment camps • Curfews • Travel restrictions

  26. African Americans • Injustice in Industry and Military • A Philip Randolph – head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters • Threatened mass protest unless Roosevelt did something • Fair Employment Practices Committee

  27. Mexican Americans • Braceros - Mexican laborers • Mexican/American agreement

  28. Conclusion of the War • Italy Surrenders • D-Day (June 6, 1944) • Invasion of Normandy • 155K troops • August 1944: Paris is liberated

  29. Battle of the Bulge • German counterattack in Belgium • Germany is short of supplies and troops • Reasons?

  30. Invasion of Germany • January 1945: Soviets enter Germany • April 12, 1945: FDR dies from a stroke • Harry S Truman becomes President • April 16: Soviets begin attacking Berlin • April 30: Hitler commits suicide

  31. Holocaust • Hitler – “the final solution to the Jewish problem” • Genocide: the deliberate attempt to wipe out an entire nation or group of people • Other groups: Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, Communists, and people with physical and mental disabilities • Death Camps: Gas Chambers, torture, medical experiments

  32. Pacific Theatre • Battle of Midway • Last Japanese offensive • Island hopping: Am. Forces capture one Japanese-controlled island at a time • Navaho are key to success • Casualties • 14k in Philippines • 6k in Iwo Jima • 12k in Okinawa

  33. Issues • Japanese willingness to die • Kamikaze - suicide pilots • A-Bomb tested in N. Mexico • Truman advised that invasion may cost ½ million lives

  34. Results • August 6, 1945 • Hiroshima • Killed 130k instantly • August 9, 1945 • Nagasaki • Killed 35K instantly • August 14, 1945 • V-J Day • Formal surrender September 2, 1945 on USS Missouri

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