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Salinity Gradient Power

Salinity Gradient Power. Joost Veerman NHL November 26, 2009. Salinity Gradient Power. Joost Veerman Wetsus, Leeuwarden. salt + fresh  brackish + energy. 1. Introduction 15 min - SPP, principles - Demo’s

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Salinity Gradient Power

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  1. Salinity Gradient Power Joost Veerman NHL November 26, 2009

  2. Salinity Gradient Power Joost Veerman Wetsus, Leeuwarden salt + fresh  brackish + energy

  3. 1. Introduction 15 min - SPP, principles - Demo’s 2. Short Quiz 5 min 3. SGP in practice 10 min - power, efficiency and power density - ideas 4. Assignment comparison renewable en. sources 10 min 5. Evaluation 10 min 6. Movie RED 10 min

  4. Afsluitdijk

  5. Afsluitdijk finished 1933lenght 30 kmwidth 90 mheight 250 m

  6. 250 m ? Sea: 30 g/L = 0.5 mol/L = 500 mol/m3 ( NaCl) p V = nRT (van ‘t Hoff, 1885) nRT 500*2*8.34*293 p = --------- = ---------------------- = 25*105 Pa V 1 = 25 Bar = 250 m H2O

  7. What is Blue Energy? transport evaporation precipitation river discharge

  8. transport SGP evaporation precipitation river discharge

  9. Osmotische druk Rivier Zee

  10. Exergy theoretical 1 m3 river + 1 m3 sea  1.7 MJ 1m3 river + ∞ m3 sea  2.6 MJ practical 1 m3 river + 1 m3 sea  1.0 MJ

  11. How to milk the cow? Methods for generating SGP = Salinity Gradient Power) 1) RED = Reverse Electro Dialysis 2) PRO = Pressure Retarded Osmosis 3) VPDU = Vapor Pressure Utilization 4) Salinity shrinking ( Katchalsky ) 5) Other

  12. RED-2

  13. RED-2

  14. PRO-1 Statkraft

  15. PRO-2 Statkraft Tomas Harrysson et al.

  16. R.S. Norman, Science 134 (1974) 350-352 PRO-1

  17. VPDU-1

  18. VPDU-2 M. Olsson SCIENCE, VOL. 206, 26 OCTOBER 1979

  19. Katchalsky

  20. Quiz

  21. Q 1

  22. A 1

  23. Q 1

  24. A 2

  25. Q 3

  26. A 3

  27. Q 4 Energy density heat + salt + sweet  brackish + energy Energy content of river water in relation to diesel oil: 1 - 100 times less 100 - 10 000 times less 10 000 - 100 000 times less

  28. Energy density A 5 • Annihilation ( e- + e+ ) 1011 MJ/kg • Nuclear energy 108 ,, • Diesel 40 ,, • Blue Energy (riv.+ sea) 0.002 ,, • Sewage water (BOD) ca. 0.002 ,, 1 - 100 times less 100 - 10 000 times less 10 000 – 100 000 times less

  29. Q-5 If the sea should contain sugar instead of salt, which technique should be useless: • RED • PRO • VPDU

  30. A-5

  31. Katchalsky Q 6 The belt is turning……Clockswise AnticlockwiseNot at all

  32. Katchalsky A 6 Katchalsky A6

  33. Worldwide potential

  34. Worldwide potential

  35. Worldwide potential

  36. SGP potential worldwide 1.7 TWatt Electricity consumtion 2.0 TWatt Other energy consumtion 14.0 TWatt 1.7 1012 Watt Watt SGP = ---------------------- = 250 ------------ • 6.7 109 people person

  37. Europe: 600 GW from 767 rivers

  38. Current Projects • KEMA feasibility study • + Coyne et Bellier Red Sea Dead Sea • Israel, Palestina, Jordan 2008 – 2010 • Statkraft PRO plant • Norway 2009 • REDstack RED plant • in the Afsluitdijk • the Netherlands 2015

  39. Israel, Palestia, Jordan • KEMA et al. • Feasibility study

  40. Norway Statkraft,Burum, 2-4 kWatt

  41. The Netherlands

  42. Afsluitdijk IJsselmeer + Waddenzee  Waddenzee350 m3/s 350 MW REDstack, Rijkswaterstaat et al.

  43. Philipsdam Merwede + Oosterschelde  Grevelingen 1000 m3/s 1000 MW

  44. Vlaardingen Nw. Maas + Hartelkanaal  Nw. Waterweg 700 m3/s500 MW R.W. Quak

  45. Max. power Max. power = Energy density * flow P = A * B J m3 P = ------- * -------- m3 s In the Netherlands: P = 2.5* 106 * 3300 = 8.3 *109 Watt ( 70% ) IJssel (Afsluitdijk): P = 2.5* 106 * 500 = 1.3 *109 Watt ( 11% ) Electricity consumption in the Netherlands (2007)= 12 *109 Watt ( 100% )

  46. = = 1 x Afsluitdijk BE = 2 x Bergumermeer Power station 3 x Nuclear Power Station Borsele

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