Aerospace Systems Engineering

1. Aerospace Systems Engineering Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems By Dr. Sartuk KARASOY Middle East Technical University skarasoy@metu.edu.tr The viewgraphs are mainly courtesy of Dr. Dennis Buede. Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

2. Engineering of Systems • Broad perspective, not deep • What must be done, how well it must be done, how it should be tested before what it is • Clear focus on system's objectives • Design: start with supersystem, migrate towards subsystems and components • Integration: start with pieces and build to system in its real environment Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

3. Identification of Need Production & Manufacturing Retirement/Disposal Concept Definition Training Preliminary System Design System Integration Deployment Operation Detailed Configuration Item Design Maintenance Refinement Time System Life Cycle Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.1

4. Cost 100% Cost Committed 80% Cost Incurred 60% 40% 20% 0% Conceptual & Preliminary Design Detailed Design & Integration Construction or Production Use, Refinement & Disposal Time Reason Why Engineering a System Needs To Be Done Well Early Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.2

5. Definitions • Engineering: discipline for transforming scientific concepts into cost-effective products through the use of analysis and judgment • Engineering of a System: engineering discipline that develops, matches, and trades off requirements, functions, and alternate system resources to achieve a cost-effective, life-cycle balanced product based upon the needs of the stakeholders Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

6. Understand User Requirements, Develop System Concept and Validation Plan Demonstrate and Validate System to User Validation Plan Integrate System and Perform System Verification to Performance Specifications Develop System Performance Specification and System Validation Plan . . . . . . Expand Performance Specifications into CI “Design-to” Specifications and CI Verification Plan Assemble CIs and Perform CI Verification to CI “Design-to” Specifications Systems Engineering Integration and Qualification Decomposition and Definition Design Engineering Evolve “Design-to” Specifications into “Build-to” Documentation and Inspection Plan Inspect “Build-to” Documentation Fab, Assemble and Code to “Build-to” Documentation Time Vee Model of Design and Integration Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.3

7. Understand User Requirements, Develop System Concept and Validation Plan Demonstrate and Validate System to User Validation Plan Integrate System and Perform System Verification to Performance Specifications Develop System Performance Specification and System Validation Plan . . . . . . Peels of the Onion Expand Performance Specifications into CI “Design-to” Specifications and CI Verification Plan Assemble CIs and Perform CI Verification to CI “Design-to” Specifications Integration and Qualification Systems Engineering Decomposition and Definition Design Engineering Evolve “Design-to” Specifications into “Build-to” Documentation and Inspection Plan Inspect “Build-to” Documentation Fab, Assemble and Code to “Build-to” Documentation Time Vee Model with Onion Peels Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

8. Race Car Example of Requirements and Tests “g-g” Design Region for a Racecar (from [Milliken and Milliken, 1995]) Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.4

9. Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Table 1.3

10. Management Domain/ Stakeholders SE Process Technology (Engineering Disciplines) Modeling, Simulation, Analysis Expertise Required on the Systems Engineering Team Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.5

11. Systems Requirements Software Requirements Preliminary Design Detailed Design Coding and Debugging Integration and Testing Operations and Maintenance Waterfall Model Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.6

12. Cumulative Cost Progress through phases Evaluate Alternatives; Identify and Resolve Risks Determine Objectives, Alternatives, and Constraints Risk Analysis Risk Analysis Risk Analysis Operational Prototype 3rd Prototype 2nd Prototype 1st Prototype Commitment Partition Review Simulations Models Requirements Plan Benchmarks Operational Concept Software Requirements Detailed Design Development Plan Software Product Design Requirements Validation Code Integration and Test Plan Design Validation and Verification Unit Test Integration and Test Plan Next Phases Acceptance Test Develop and Verify Next Level Product Implementation Spiral Model Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.7

13. Designing for Concurrency & Risk Mitigation Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

14. Incremental Development: Single Delivery Evolutionary Development Incremental Development: Incremental Delivery SE Models Vee: Evolutionary & Incremental Development Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

15. Functional Architecture Physical Architecture Operational Architecture Interface Architecture SE Architectures Operational Concept Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.9 (modified)

16. F-22 Weapon System Support Vehicle Training Vehicle Management System Avionics Systems Utilities & Subsystems Cockpit Systems Controls & Displays Inertial Reference System Navigation, Identification Radar Electronic Warfare Stores Management Processing Sample Physical Architecture Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.10

17. XYZ Weapon System Operational System Manufacturing System Deployment System Retirement System Design & Integration System Training System Refinement System Vehicle Management System Avionics Systems Utilities & Subsystems Cockpit Systems Controls & Displays Inertial Reference System Navigation, Identification Radar Electronic Warfare Stores Management Processing Life-Cycle Physical Architecture Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.11

18. Another View of the Design Process Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.12

19. Typical Requirements Documents Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Table 1.4

20. Comparison of the Relative Costto Fix Software in Various Life Cycle Phases [from Davis] Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Table 1.5

21. Development Period Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.13

22. Period of Pre-Initial Operational Capability Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.14

23. Period of Operational Use and Refinement Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.15

24. Retirement Period Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.16

25. Cycle Model Design and Integration Cycles 1. Core cycle: Realization of stakeholder needs, followed by requirements development, design, manufacturing and product delivery 2. Verification cycle: Analysis, simulation, prototyping, integration, and testing Management Cycles 3. Technologies and external resources cycle: Insertion of the appropriate technologies and resources into the systems engineering process 4. Controlling cycle: Configuration management of the design process and multiple product releases and updates 5. Strategic check cycle: Management assessment and approval of product development Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.17

26. Define the Design Problem Develop Functional Architecture Design Physical Architecture Develop Operational Architecture Obtain Approval & Document Five Major Functions of Systems Engineering Design Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.18

27. Develop Functional Architecture Higher Level Requirements & Constraints from Approved Baseline Define the required behavior in a functional interaction diagram Develop Physical Architecture Define the Design Problem Define the problem, the system/segment/CI Boundary, & the objectives Develop the Op’l Concept for the Sys,Seg,CI under analysis Allocate requirements to functions Define candidate physical solutions Define the required functional performance by quantitative analysis no Evaluate candidate physical solutions & select best based upon objectives & requirements Obtain Approval & Document Obtain approval of boundary, objectives, concept of ops, requirements, physical solution, & test plan Document Seg/CI design as approved baseline for next lowest level Develop Operational Architecture yes Allocate functions to Seg/CIs Plan test & integration of Seg/CIs Develop interfaces between Seg/CIs Detailed Functions of Systems Engineering Design Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.19

28. Verification Requirements and Constraints from Approved Baseline Inspect and test to verification requirements to prove readiness for integration with next assembly Integrate with next CI and repeat verification process Deficiencies No CI to be verified Yes Modify approved technical baseline to incorporate deviation Identify and fix correctable deficiencies Correctable Yes No Yes Document uncorrectable deficiencies For uncorrectable deficiencies, confirm no impact to integration and get deviation approval from buyer No Redesign Functions of the Systems Engineering Integration Process Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.20