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Greek Mythology , the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

Greek Mythology , the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony. Greek mythology is. the body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their Gods and heroes , the nature of the world , and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices .

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Greek Mythology , the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

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  1. Greek Mythology , the Homeric Hymns,and Theogony Alice Y. Chang

  2. Greek mythology is . . . Alice Y. Chang • the body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their Gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. • a part of religion in ancient Greece.

  3. Modern scholars refer to the myths and study them in an attempt to throw light on the religious and political institutions of Ancient Greece, on the Ancient Greek civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-making itself. Alice Y. Chang

  4. The Olympian gods = natural forces Alice Y. Chang • The Olympian gods, like the natural forces of sea and sky, follow their own will even to the extreme of conflict with each other, and always with a sublime disregard for the human beings who may be affected by the results of their actions. • It is true that they are all subjects of a single more powerful god, Zeus.

  5. Subject matters Alice Y. Chang • Greek mythology is embodied explicitly in a large collection of narratives and implicitly in representational arts, such as vase-paintings and votive gifts. • Greek myth explains the origins of the world and details the lives and adventures of a wide variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroinesand other mythological creatures. • These accounts initially were disseminated in an oral-poetic tradition; today the Greek myths are known primarily from Greek literature.

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  7. The temple of Hera Alice Y. Chang

  8. sources Alice Y. Chang • the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on events surrounding the Trojan War. • Hesiod: the Theogony and the Works and Days, contain accounts of the genesis of the world, the succession of divine rulers, the succession of human ages, the origin of human woes, and the origin of sacrificial practices. • Myths also are preserved in the Homeric Hymns…

  9. Music of Ancient Greece - Hymn to the Muse - by Halaris http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2010/10/20/music-of-ancient-greece-hymn-to-the-muse-by-halaris/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v3fJSn-oPo&feature=related Alice Y. Chang

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  11. Greek pantheon Alice Y. Chang • According to Classical-era mythology, after the overthrow of the Titans, the new pantheon of gods and goddesses was confirmed. Among the principal Greek gods were the Olympians, residing atop Mount Olympus under the eye of Zeus.

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  13. Olympian Gods Alice Y. Chang Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera, Aris, Athena, Apollo, Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis, Hephaestus 希臘神話衆神 http://memo.cgu.edu.tw/yu-yen/2008-greek-mythology1.pdf

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  15. Greek god (Roman equivalent)   Alice Y. Chang • Zeus (Jupiter)/ Hera (Juno) / • Demeter (Ceres) / Artemis (Diana)/ • Aphrodite (Venus)/  Eros (Cupid)/ • Hermes (Mercury) / Hephaistos (Vulcan) / • Poseidon (Neptune) / Apollo (Apollo) / • Ares (Mars) / Athena (Minerva) / • Hestia (Vesta) / Dionysus (Bacchus)/ • Pan (Faunus)/ Heracles (Hercules) / • Asclepius (Aesculapius) / • Hades (Dis Pater) / Persephone (Proserpine)

  16. Temple of Zeus (600 BCE), the largest Greek pantheon outside of Athens Alice Y. Chang

  17. Delphi, Temple of Apollo Alice Y. Chang

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  19. 普羅米修斯（Prometheus） Alice Y. Chang • 普羅米修斯是一個為了人類而從奧林帕斯山山上偷走火的泰坦巨人，因而遭到宙斯給予他極為可怕的懲罰。他是艾爾佩提斯的兒子；亞特拉斯和艾皮米修斯的兄弟。 "普羅米修斯（Prometheus）"在希臘語中是 "遠見（foresight）"的意思。 • 普羅米修士與智慧女神雅典娜共同創造了人類，並教會了人類很多知識。

  20. The sculptor of this Roman sarcophagus has portrayed Prometheus as a workman creating mini-humans. Alice Y. Chang

  21. Prometheus and the eagle Alice Y. Chang • 當時Zeus禁止人類用火，他看到人類生活的困苦，幫人類從奧林匹斯偷取了火，因此觸怒宙斯。 • 宙斯將他鎖在高加索山的懸崖上，每天派一隻鷹去吃他的肝，又讓他的肝每天重新長上，使他日日承受被惡鷹啄食肝臟的痛苦。然而普羅米修士始終堅毅不屈。幾千年後，赫剌克勒斯為尋找金蘋果來到懸崖邊，把惡鷹射死，並讓半人半馬的肯陶洛斯族的喀戎來代替，解救了普羅米修士。 • 但他必須永遠戴一隻鐵環，環上鑲上一塊高加索山上的石子，以便宙斯可以自豪地宣稱他的仇敵仍然被鎖在高加索山的懸崖上。

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  23. PROMETHEUS & THE EAGLE Alice Y. Chang

  24. The giant fennel • In Greek mythology, Prometheus used the stalk of a fennel plant to steal fire from the gods. Also, it was from the giant fennel, Ferula communis, that the Bacchanalian wands of the god Dionysus and his followers were said to have come

  25. Fennel: marathos (μάραθος) • The Greek name for fennel is marathos (μάραθος) • the place of the famous battle of Marathon  • the subsequent sports event Marathon (Μαραθών), literally means a plain with fennels.

  26. Pandora’s Box Alice Y. Chang • Pandora ("giver of all, all-endowed") was the first woman. • As Hesiod related it, each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts. • 火神赫淮斯托斯或宙斯用粘土做成的地上的第一個女人，作為對普羅米修士盜火的懲罰送給人類的第一個女人

  27. Pandora’s Box Alice Y. Chang 28 而現時當提到「Pandora’s Box」，通常是指潘朵拉出於好奇而打開了盒子，釋放出人世間的所有邪惡——貪婪、虛無、誹謗、嫉妒、痛苦——當她再蓋上盒子時，只剩下希望在裡面。

  28. 罈子Pithos Alice Y. Chang 29 • 眾神亦加入使她擁有更誘人的魅力。根據大英博物館所藏的一隻白底基里克斯杯（古希臘一種雙耳淺口的大酒杯），潘朵拉的另一名字是「安妮斯朵拉」（Anesidora），意思為「送上禮物的她」。根據神話，潘朵拉打開一個「盒子」 • （應作罈子，希臘文原作πίθος，πίθοι，英語：）。

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  30. 解釋世界上罪惡的存在 Alice Y. Chang 31 • 潘朵拉的神話源遠流長，以不同的版本出現，並從不同的角度詮釋。然而，在所有的文學版本，此神話作為自然神學以解釋世界上罪惡的存在。 • 在西元前7世紀，Hesiod在他的Theogony（第570行，大概提及而並無完全指出潘朵拉的名字）及《工作與時日》（Works and Days）是最早有關潘朵拉故事的文學著作。

  31. "Pandora" by John William Waterhouse, 1896. Alice Y. Chang 32

  32. Dante Gabriel Rossetti – Pandora (1869) Alice Y. Chang 33

  33. 基里克斯杯κύλιξ Alice Y. Chang 34

  34. World map of Hecataeus (c.550-c.490 BCE): Alice Y. Chang

  35. kosmos Alice Y. Chang 36 • The Greek term used to denote this ordered world was Kosmos, form which we draw our word “cosmology.” • The capricious world of divine intervention was being pushed aside, making room for order and regularity; chaos was yielding to Kosmos.

  36. Earth is the centre of the universe. Alice Y. Chang 37

  37. Nature/ physis Alice Y. Chang 38 • A clear distinction between the natural and the supernatural was emerging; and there was wide agreement that causes (if they are to be dealt with philosophically) must be sought only in the natures of thing. • The philosophers who introduced these new ways of thinking were called by Aristotle physikoi or physiologoi, from their concern with physis or nature.

  38. Hesiod’s Theogony Alice Y. Chang 39 a poem by Hesiod describing the origins and genealogies of the gods of the ancient Greeks, composed circa 700 BC. a large-scale synthesis of a vast variety of local Greek traditions concerning the gods, organized as a narrative that tells about the origin of the cosmos and about the gods that shaped cosmos.

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  40. Chaos Eros and Gaia Alice Y. Chang 41 • that Chaos arose spontaneously. • Chaos gives birth to Erosand Gaia (Earth), the more orderly and safe foundation that would serve as a home for the gods and mortals, came afterwards. • Tartarus (both a place below the earth as well as a deity) and Eros (Desire) also came into existence from nothing.

  41. Chaos Darkness and Night Alice Y. Chang 42 Eros serves an important role in sexual reproduction, before which children had to be produced by means of parthenogenesis. From Chaos came Erebos (Darkness) and Nyx (Night). Erebos and Nyx reproduced to make Aither (Brightness) and Hemera (Day). From Gaia came Ouranos (Sky), the Ourea (Mountains), and Pontus (Sea).

  42. Theogony Alice Y. Chang 43 • Study Guide for Hesiod's Theogony http://www.temple.edu/classics/Theogony-guide.html 工作與時日 : 神譜 長庚大學 三樓中文書區 871.31 8775 88

  43. http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2009/10/04/timeline-of-world-mythology/http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2009/10/04/timeline-of-world-mythology/ Timeline of World Mythology Alice Y. Chang 44

  44. anthropomorphic deities Alice Y. Chang • The gods and humans shared a common history. • This was a world of anthropomorphic deities interfering in human affairs, using humans as pawns in their own plots and intrigues—acting out of spite, anger, love, lust, benevolence, pleasure, or simple caprice.The gods were also implicated in natural phenomena. • Sun and moon were conceived as deities, offspring of Theia and Huperion.

  45. a capricious world Alice Y. Chang • Storms, lightning bolts, winds, and earthquakes were not regarded as inevitable outcomes of impersonal, natural forces, but mighty feats willed by the gods. • The result was a capricious world, in which nothing could be safely predicted because of the boundless possibilities of divine intervention.

  46. Heroes Alice Y. Chang Perseus, Theseus, Bellerophon Atlanta, Heracles, Meleager

  47. Hercules and Achilles Alice Y. Chang

  48. Heracles and the Heracleidae Alice Y. Chang • Some scholars believethat behind Heracles' complicated mythology there was probably a real man, perhaps a chieftain-vassal of the kingdom of Argos. • Some scholars suggest the story of Heracles is an allegory for the sun's yearly passage through the twelve constellations of the zodiac. • Others point to earlier myths from other cultures, showing the story of Heracles as a local adaptation of hero myths already well established. Traditionally, Heracles was the son of Zeus and Alcmene granddaughter of Perseus.

  49. Heracles Alice Y. Chang • He is portrayed as a sacrificier, mentioned as a founder of altars, and imagined as a voracious eater himself; it is in this role that he appears in comedy, while his tragic end provided much material for tragedy — Heracles is regarded by Thalia Papadopoulou as "a play of great significance in examination of other Euripidean dramas". • In art and literature Heracles was represented as an enormously strong man of moderate height; his characteristic weapon was the bow but frequently also the club. Vase paintings demonstrate the unparalleled popularity of Heracles, his fight with the lion being depicted many hundreds of times.

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