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Marine Mammals

Marine Mammals. WHO ARE THEY?. Marine mammals. Land-dwelling ancestors Warm-blooded Breathe air Hair/fur Bear live young Mammary glands for milk They all have 3 ear bones. Three Categories of Marine Mammals. Cetacea (se-tay-she-ah) whales, dolphins, and porpoises Carnivora

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Marine Mammals

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  1. Marine Mammals

  2. WHO ARE THEY?

  3. Marine mammals • Land-dwelling ancestors • Warm-blooded • Breathe air • Hair/fur • Bear live young • Mammary glands for milk • They all have 3 ear bones.

  4. Three Categories ofMarine Mammals Cetacea (se-tay-she-ah) whales, dolphins, and porpoises Carnivora polar bears, otters, seals, sea lions, walruses Sirenia (sire-een-e-uh) manatees and dugongs

  5. CETACEA: Toothed whales

  6. Bottlenose dolphin Striped dolphin Common dolphin

  7. Risso’s dolphin Killer whale Focena comune False killer whale Rough-toothed dolphin Globicephalo...

  8. Risso’s dolphin Pilot whale Harbor porpoise

  9. Cuvier’s beaked whale Sperm whale...

  10. SPERM WHALE

  11. Not much of a species barrier!

  12. CETACEA: Baleen whales

  13. Fin whale Right whale Sei whale Humpback whale

  14. Cetacea • Adaptations for deep diving • Use oxygen efficiently • Absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled (lots of capillaries) • Store large quantities of oxygen (lots of hemoglobin) • Reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs • Dive 10 min (dolphin) to 2 hours (Sperm Whale) • Muscles insensitive to buildup of carbon dioxide • Collapsible lungs

  15. Temperature Regulation • Blubber (also for buoyancy and energy storage) • Counter-current blood flow – warms blood as it returns to core of body • Muscles generate heat • Low surface area to volume ratio - little surface in contact with water to lose heat

  16. Oxygen • blowhole (nostrils) on head – easier • Empty and fill lungs quickly (2 seconds for a fin whale) • Large lungs • High gas exchange rate (absorb 90% of oxygen - humans absorb 20%)

  17. Oxygen • Many red blood cells, hemoglobin – carries oxygen • myoglobin - carries additional oxygen • Shunt blood from non-vital organs (stomach, kidney) when diving to vital organs (brain, heart, muscles) • Slow heartbeat rate when diving

  18. Propulsion Through the Water • Streamlined • Internalized body parts - ear, penis, mammary glands – reduces friction • Shorter appendages – forelimbs for steering • Loss of hind limbs • Loss of hair

  19. Propulsion Through the Water • fluke (tail) for propulsion • Up and down (unlike fish = side to side) • ↑ surface area • Also to identify individuals - like fingerprint • flippers – for steering and balance

  20. Sensing the Environment • Good eyesight – but little to no light • echolocation - biological SONAR – find and maybe to stun prey • Very good hearing - sound travels faster in water than in air • ex: humpback songs for communication – social, territorial

  21. Cetaceans’ sensory world • SOUND • Communication whistles • Echolocation clicks

  22. Cetaceans’ sensory world Song of a whale Dolphin whistles

  23. Types of Whales • Toothed whales – suborder Odontoceti • Baleen whales – suborder Mysticeti

  24. Types of Whales – Toothed Whales • Have teeth – to catch prey, not chew • Eat mostly fish and squid - killer whales eat seals • Dive deeper • Most do not migrate • Ex: sperm, pilot, killer whales, dolphins, porpoises • Ex: sperm whales dive > 3,500 feet for giant squid, up to 75 minutes

  25. Types of Whales – Baleen Whales • No teeth - 600 - 800 baleen plates to filter krill and other items • ex: blue whale eats 4 tons of krill per day • Not deep divers • ex: humpback - lung feeding (lunge forward, pleats open), flick feeding (flick tail), bubble feeding (blow bubble net and swim up)

  26. Types of Whales – Baleen Whales • pleats – folds under mouth • open like accordion when feeding

  27. baleen ventral grooves jaw tongue

  28. Feeding Other whales

  29. Types of Whales – Baleen Whales • ex: humpback - lunge feeding (lunge forward, pleats open), flick feeding (flick tail), bubble feeding (blow bubble net and swim up)

  30. Types of Whales – Baleen Whales • ex: blue, humpback, right, gray, fin • North to feed, south to breed - behavioral adaptation • north - summer for krill • south - winter to raise young • ex: gray whales, 3 month migration, Arctic to Baja, CA, 6,000 mi one way

  31. Order Carnivora • Pinnipeds (large skin covered flippers) • Walruses • Seals • Sea lions • Fur seals

  32. CARNIVORA: Pinnipeds Otariidae sea lions, fur seals, etc Phocidae true seals

  33. Family Phocidea (Pho-ce-die) • “True or Earless Seals” • No external ears • Flippers covered in fur • Hind flippers cannot be turned forward under the body for use in terrestrial motion • Moves on land by wiggling like a catapillar

  34. Family Otariidae (ota-rye-uh-dee) • “Eared Seals” • Sea Lions and Fur Seals • Visible external ears • Flippers are hairless • Hind flippers can be placed under body for awkward locomotion • Longer front flippers

  35. Sea Lion vs. Seal

  36. Figure 9.09b

  37. CARNIVORA: Pinnipeds Odobenidae (Odo-ben-i-de) walruses

  38. CARNIVORA: Ursidae polar bears

  39. CARNIVORA: Mustelidae sea otters, weasels, minks, etc

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