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Chapter29: War Abroad, War at Home

Chapter29: War Abroad, War at Home. JOIN sponsored by SDS Port Huron statement; Tom Hayden author JOIN ineffective Success: increase civic participation. American Communities “Sign of the times”. 29.1: Vietnam: America’s Longest War.

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Chapter29: War Abroad, War at Home

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  1. Chapter29: War Abroad, War at Home

  2. JOIN sponsored by SDS Port Huron statement; Tom Hayden author JOIN ineffective Success: increase civic participation American Communities“Sign of the times”

  3. 29.1: Vietnam: America’s Longest War The United States tries to control the spread of communism in Vietnam

  4. 1. Rulers of Vietnam Before WWII? During WWII? After WWII? North – Ho Chi Minh South – Ngo Din Diem France wants to return to power Johnson’s War: Roots of American Involvement

  5. Ho Chi Minh: Communist leader of Northern Vietnam b. What did he want? Independence of Vietnam from French Who were the Vietminh? North Vietnamese who wanted independence from France How does he relate to containment? He was supported by SU and China 2. Growth of Nationalism in Vietnam

  6. U.S. supports Ho Chi Minh? During WWII to get rid of Japanese France retakes the south of Vietnam (1946) U.S. dilemma ? no longer supporting colonization but still trying to fight against communism China falls ’49 & N. Korea ‘53 Truman decides to aid France 1950-1954: U.S. spends $2.6 billion supporting France VS. ***France vs. Vietminh***

  7. Eisenhower’s Domino theory 1954: French post at Dien Bien Phu falls/guerilla tactics July 1954:Geneva Accords (peace agreement)/temporary divide at 17th parallel Diem agreed to countrywide elections for 1956 3. Vietminh (N. Vietnamese) Drive out the French

  8. a. Diem cancels elections of 1956 Ho Chi Minh and Vietcong supported by the people Diem Corrupt/ suppressed opposition US increases support to the South Ngo Dinh Diem (South V.) 4. French out = U.S. in Saigon in Trouble

  9. Election of 1964

  10. Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially declaring war! Written weeks prior to Tonkin incident 2. Operation Rolling Thunder First prolonged bombing of North Vietnam In hopes of avoiding sending ground troops B. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict

  11. 3. US Supports War Efforts • cabinet agrees Vietnam needs help • Citizens support it as well • 61% in favor • 24% opposed • Saigon on the verge of collapse

  12. Advocate for very large number of troops 500,000 by 1967 War of attrition 4. General Westmoreland

  13. 5. US Strategies • War of Attrition: wearing down the enemy by continuous harassment • body count; (unpatriotic) • Win over the “hearts and minds” of the S. Vietnamese • Chemical warfare: napalm/agent orange • Search and destroy missions/civilians • Millions of refugees

  14. Agent Orange

  15. Napalm(gasoline-base bomb) attack

  16. 6. War in the Jungle: the VC • Guerilla tactics • hiding within civilian population/city and countryside • Booby traps and land mines • Terrain/tunnels

  17. Vietcong Tunnels

  18. 1. soldiers Lose confidence Drugs and alcohol Killing superior officers 2. At home a. Economy suffers/ Inflation b. Using SS funds c. Increased taxes d. $21 B a year on war e. Living room war: media and credibility gap effect U.S. citizens C. Losing Morale

  19. 29.4: 1968

  20. The Tet Offensive

  21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3mfXnFtwQc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3mfXnFtwQc 1:40- m/watch?v=S3mfXnFtwQc

  22. A. The Tet Offensive (1968) • Tet: January 30, Vietnam’s New Years Eve • Week-long peace agreement with Vietcong in honor of the holiday • Funerals also being held during this time • Vietcong used coffins as decoys; filled with with weapons • Deaths due to attacks Vietcong: 32,000 US: 3,000 6. Americans and Congress: “unwinnable” war

  23. Before Tet Offensive 28% Doves 56% Hawks After Tet Offensive 40% Doves 40% Hawks 60 % war mishandled 50% mistake to go in B. Public Opinion on War

  24. Opposed war & wanted troops to withdraw from Vietnam Should continue & increase force in Vietnam 5. Doves vs. Hawks

  25. March: Johnson announces he will not seek a second term April: MLK assassinated a. AA riots; 46 dead b. Stokely Carmichael “US declares war on us” 3. Citizens more critical of war 4. June: Robert Kennedy assassinated; Sirhan Sirhan DNC Chicago – fighting inside and outside Chicago: Mayor Daley “shoot to kill” order, C. Days of Loss (1968)

  26. April 4, 1968 • James Earl Ray assassinates MLK • Violence erupts throughout the US/125 cities

  27. Urban Violence 1. Harlem, Watts, Chicago, Detroit…. 2. Needed economic equality: opportunity in jobs, housing, and education

  28. 1968 DNC - Chicago

  29. Hubert Humphrey (D) Richard M. Nixon (R) Presidential Election 1968

  30. 29.6:Nixon’s War “To bring peace with honor”

  31. A. Nixon and Vietnamization • Allowing for the Vietnamese to take a more active role by withdrawing US troops • Peace with honor… “save face”; wanted a say at negotiation table • Secretly continues to bomb supply routes in N. Vietnam military bases, Laos and Cambodia • Silent majority: mainstream Americans who quietly supported the president’s strategy

  32. Ho Chi Minh trail

  33. Destroy N. Vietnamese and Vietcong supply centers Leads to incidents such as student strikes and protest rallies on college campuses; ie, Kent State, Jackson State Congress repeals the Gulf Tonkin Resolution B. Invasion of Cambodia (4/’70)

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