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Forecasting (part 2) Chapter 15

Forecasting (part 2) Chapter 15. Exponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment (Holt). Forecast including trend (FIT t ) = exponentially smoothed forecast (F t ) + exponentially smoothed trend (T t ).

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Forecasting (part 2) Chapter 15

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  1. Forecasting (part 2)Chapter 15

  2. Exponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment (Holt) Forecast including trend (FITt) = exponentially smoothed forecast (Ft) + exponentially smoothed trend (Tt)

  3. Exponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment (Holt) Ft = Forecast with Trend last period + (Last period’s actual – last period’s Forecast with Trend or Ft = FITt-1 + a (At-1 –FITt-1) Tt = Trend estimate last period + (Forecast this period - Forecast with Trend last period) or Tt = Tt-1 + (Ft - FITt-1)

  4. Exponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment (Holt) • Ft = exponentially smoothed forecast of the data series in period t • Tt = exponentially smoothed trend in period t • At = actual demand in period t •  = smoothing constant for the average •  = smoothing constant for the trend

  5. Comparing Actual and Forecasts

  6. Exponential Smoothing with Trend - Example With the following data, calculate the Holt forecast for each period. Assume that the initial forecast for month 1 was 11 units and the trend for that period was 2 units.

  7. Seasonality • Repeating up and down movements in data • Related to recurring events • Christmas sales of toys • Lawnmower sales • When seasonality exists in data must incorporate into forecasting model

  8. Model with Seasonality • Find average historical demand for each “season” by summing the demand for that season in each year, and dividing by the number of years for which you have data. • Compute the average demand over all seasons by dividing the total average annual demand by the number of seasons. • Compute a seasonal index by dividing that season’s historical demand (from step 1) by the average demand over all seasons. • Estimate next year’s total demand • Divide this estimate of total demand by the number of seasons, then multiply it by the seasonal index for that season. This provides the seasonal forecast.

  9. Monthly Sales of Laptop Computers

  10. Monthly Sales of Laptop Computers

  11. Example 2 - Seasonality Over the past year Meredith and Smunt Manufacturing had annual sales of 10,000 portable water pumps. The average quarterly sales for the past 5 years have averaged: spring 4,000, summer 3,000, fall 2,000 and winter 1,000. Compute the quarterly index. If annual sales for next year are 11,000, forecast quarterly sales.

  12. Forecast Error Equations • Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) • Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE)

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