Byung Jun Kim, Kyounghoon Han, Ku Hoi Kim, Jin-Won Lee 1 , and En Sup Yoon

1. 환경 LCA를 이용한 환경처리비용의 산출에 관한 연구(A Study on the Evaluation of Environmental Cost by Environmental LCA) Byung Jun Kim, Kyounghoon Han, Ku Hoi Kim, Jin-Won Lee1, and En Sup Yoon Seoul National University, 1Kwangwoon University

2. What’s Environmental LCA? • Environmental LCA : A methodological framework for estimation and assessing the environmental impacts attributable to the life cycle of a product(G. Rebitzer et al., 2003).

3. Closed boundary of the process Material 1 Byproduct 1 A process Main Products Raw Materials Material 2 Byproduct 2 Concept An estimation of the basis of environmental cost in all aspects of input and output materials including all by-products.

4. In this study, we considered LCA only on the aspect of amounts of materials. • Figure out input & output amounts of each materials, products & byproducts by life cycle assessment(LCA) analysis. • Establish the basis of expenses of each items according to an extent of hazard on Environment. • Hazard Evaluation by NFPA label.

5. Hazard Evaluation • Evaluation of the extent of hazard by the distance from (0, 0, 0) to (Health(H), Flammability(F), Reactivity(R)).~”Euclidian distance” • Summation of hazard of each materials :(+) in case of output chemicals(-) in case of input chemicals. 1.Hazard factor=0.1443 x [(H2+F2+R2)1/2] 2.Hazard factor have figure from 0 to 1

6. Integration of Hazard ith input material = Ii Jth output material = Oj hazard of Ii = H(Ii) hazard of Oj = H(Oj) Net hazard ~ an extent of the effect on Environment

7. Case study : A simple application to cyclohexane process Synthesis of Cyclohexane : A typical process of producing cyclohexane by synthesizing hydrogen and benzene.

8. The amount of Input materials per hour : The amount of Output materials per hour : CH : cyclohexane

9. The amount of each materials per unit time was calculated. • In this case, flows inside of the boundary such as RXIN, RXOUT, CHRCY, H2RCY, VAP, LIQ, COLFD are not considered because they do not transfer to the environment but flow just inside.

10. Hazard Evaluation by NFPA Label • NFPA(National Fire Protection Association) label : Labeled from 0 to 4 (5 grades) by Health, Flammability, and Reactivity, respectively. • The extent of hazard evaluated by the distance from (0, 0, 0) to (Health(H), Flammability(F), Reactivity(R)).~”Euclidian distance” • Let the maximum distance ((0,0,0)~(4,4,4)) be the unity(~6.9282). => Hazard factor

11. Extent of Hazard Hazard of i material => (+) For output materials (- ) For input materials Extent of hazard ~ integration of all materials weighted by the amount(mole) of each materials

12. Estimation of hazard of input : Estimation of hazard of output :

13. Result • The sum of the last column(hazard*moles):Extent of hazard =-182.1562948[hazard factor x kmol/hr] • Positive hazard means that hazard on environment increased by the process. • Negative hazard means that hazard on environment reduced by the process.

14. Conclusion • Consideration of reducing materials from environment by inserting input terms. • Can be extended by setting multi-process boundary. • Reasonable consideration of scale(amount of material). • Quantify the extent of hazard by introduction of hazard factor. • Can be applied to allot environment related taxes.

15. Future Work • Exact process calculation of input/output materials by detailed LCA including input materials and all of by-product or side-product. • Development of more exact and appropriate hazard factor. • Development of tools that can produce real expenses of environmental hazard.