Transport in Humans (and other Mammals)

1. Transport in Humans (and other Mammals) The Circulatory System

2. Cardiovascular System Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation HEART LUNGS BODY Double Circulatory System • Consists of Heart, Lungs and Vessels

3. The Heart • Weighs approx 300g • Thick muscular layer (myocardium) made of Cardiac muscle • Has it’s own blood supply • covered in capillaries which get blood from coronary arteries • Myogenic- self exciting • Continuous rhythm (can be altered)

4. Two upper thin walled chambers – atria • Two lower thick walled chambers – ventricles • Atria collect blood from the body – attached to veins • Ventricles send blood to the body – attached to arteries

5. The Heart • Right side – deoxygenated • Left side – oxygenated • Separated by a thick walled septum • Right atrium and ventricle connected by tricuspid valve • Left atrium and ventricle connected by bicuspid (mitral) valve • Cuspid valves held shut by Chordae Tendinae • Left ventricle is thicker than the right

6. Vessels of the Heart • Pulmonary artery* • Pulmonary vein • Superior and Inferior Vena cava • Aorta* • *Semi-lunar valves

7. Diagram of the Heart pg 13

8. Blood Flow Through the Heart • Vena Cava – Superior/Inferior • Right Atrium • Tricuspid Valve • Right ventricle • Pulmonary Artery LUNGS

9. Blood Flow Through the Heart • Pulmonary veins • Left Atrium • Bicuspid/Mitral/Atrioventricular valve • Left Ventricle • Aorta MAJOR ORGANS

11. Control of the Heart • Myogenic-Initiated from inside the heart as opposed to nervous stimulus outside • Initial Stimulus originates in the Sinoatrial node (SA node) • A pacemaker that determines heart rate • Wave of excitation across both atria causes them to contract

12. Control of the Heart • Atrioventricular node (AV node) • Sends waves of excitation along Purkinje Fibres which collectively make up the Bundle of His. Along septum, radiate upwards • Causes ventricles to contract

13. Cardiac cycle • Systole -contraction of heart • Diastole -Relaxation/filling of the heart • Both atria contract at the same time • Called …………………. • Both ventricles contract at same time • Called …………………. • Relaxation of atria and ventricles • Called ……………………….

14. Cardiac cycle • Remind me…. What is it?

16. Vessels of the Cardiovascular System Arteriole Artery Capillary Vein Venuole

17. Vessels of the Cardiovascular System • Arteries – Arterioles – Capillaries - Venuoles - Veins • Different structures and functions

18. Arteries • Carry blood away from the heart • Blood in arteries is under high pressure • Their structure is related to their function • Round in structure with relatively thick walls composed of three layers

19. Arteries • Tunica Intima – Single layer of endothelial cells • Tunica Media – A thick layer containing elastic fibres and muscle tissues. Closer to heart more elastic fibres those further away have more muscle fibre • Tunica Externa – Contains collagen fibres for strength

20. Diagram of an Artery… volunteer?

21. Blood vessels – the arteries TUNICA MEDIA TUNICA EXTERNA TUNICA INTIMA ( LUMEN

22. Veins • Carry blood back to the heart (generally deoxygenated) • Blood now flowing slowly, smoothly and under low pressure (structure related to this function) • Walls are relatively thin compared with arteries • Still same three layers but the tunica media differs in size – relatively narrow with few muscle fibres and elastic fibres • Semi Lunar valves present along length

23. Diagram of Veins

24. Blood vessels – the veins TUNICA MEDIA TUNICA INTIMA TUNICA EXTERNA LUMEN

25. Capillaries • Link the arterial and venous blood supplies • Blood flow is slow, blood pressure is falling and is non-pulsatile • Capillaries form vast networks in all tissues and organs • Composed of only the Tunica Intima, only a single layer of endothelial cells, no elastic fibres and no muscle tissue

26. Capillaries • Exchange of materials between the blood and the body takes place in the capillary bed

27. Diagram of a Capillary

28. Blood vessels – the capillaries LUMEN ONE CELL THICK

29. Time for an exam question page 13

30. Components of Blood • Blood is made up of: • Variety of cells • Suspended in fluid – Plasma • All blood cells develop from stem cells in bone marrow

31. Plasma Transports everything. Blood cells. Digested foods (glucose). Waste. Hormones 90% water, 10% solutes 3 Proteins: Globulins, Albumins and Fibrinogen immune clotting

32. Red Blood cells Erythrocytes Red Blood cells carry oxygen around the body in haemoglobin. They have no nucleus thus leaving more space for oxygen

33. White blood cells Leucocytes Fight against disease. Destroys bacteria by using antibodies. Fights toxins by using antitoxins. Kills foreign microbes by consuming them.

34. White blood cells cont. • WBC’s divided into 2 groups: • GRANULOCYTES • AGRANULOCYTES • Granulocytes have granules in cytoplasm & multilobed nucleus. 3 types: • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils • Agranuloycytes are NOT granular or lobed • Monocytes • lymphocytes

35. Platelets Thrombocytes Platelets are tiny fragments in the body that help blood clot at wounds.

36. Transport of gases • Oxygen combines with Haemoglobin: Haemoglobin + oxygen  oxyhaemoglobin • Reversible so O2 is available to body tissues. • Each g of haemoglobin can combine with 1.34cm3 of oxygen. • See WJEC (oxygen dissociation)

37. Oxygen Dissociation Curves • Concentration of gases are measured in partial pressures • As haemoglobin is exposed to increasing ppO2, haemoglobin takes it up until saturated • Each haemoglobin can take up ___ molecules O2

38. Curve shape depends on number of factors: pp CO2 Temp pH Increasing ppCO2 shifts curve right, Bohr Effect due to decrease in affinity of haemoglobin to O2 Means oxyhaemoglobin releases more O2 as CO2 rises ie when cells are respiring more Oxygen Dissociation Curves

39. Fetal Haemoglobin • Haemoglobin F has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin • Means it is able to gain oxygen from mothers haemoglobin

40. Myoglobin • Myoglobin is a pigment found in muscle and hearts of mammals • Combines reversibly with Oxygen • Takes up oxygen more readily than haemoglobin • Blood reaching muscle transfers O2 to myoglobin acting as a temp store • Myoglobin gives up its O2 when ppO2 drops to very low value, eg after exercise

41. CO2 • See WJEC (transport of gases) • CO2 produced in respiration diffuses into blood and into RBCs • In RBCs the CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) – enzyme carbonic anhydrase • Carbonic acid then dissociates to hydrogencarbonate ions CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3-

42. CO2 • Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse into plasma in exchange for Cl- ions • CO2 reacts with haemoglobin and other proteins to form carbamino compounds • CO2 can be transported in blood 3 ways: • Hydrogencarbonate ions • Carbamino compounds • Simple solution, dissolved in plasma

43. Tissue Fluid • Fluid that leaks out of capillaries is called tissue fluid • It fills spaces between body cells • It contains: • Water Glucose • Amino acids Fatty acids • Glycerol mineral ions • vitamins • Dissolved gases

44. Blood pressure at arteriole end of capillaries (5.3kPa) forces water out • This hydrostatic pressure must be greater than the osmotic pressure drawing water in. • Plasma Proteins stay in capillaries (so low ψ) and the hydrostatic pressure keeps dropping as the blood passes through the capillary beds.

46. At venular end, pressure has dropped to less than that of the osmotic effect of the proteins (1.3kPa) • Water drawn back in to capillaries (99% of it anyway) • Excess fluid and some waste products like urea enter lymph system and are returned via that pathway.