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Multi-wavelength Semiconductor Fiber Lasers

Multi-wavelength Semiconductor Fiber Lasers. Lawrence R. Chen Photonic Systems Group Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada lawrence.chen@mcgill.ca. Acknowledgments. Reuven E. Gordon, Véronique Pagé, Dr. Varghese Baby

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Multi-wavelength Semiconductor Fiber Lasers

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  1. Multi-wavelength Semiconductor Fiber Lasers Lawrence R. Chen Photonic Systems Group Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada lawrence.chen@mcgill.ca

  2. Acknowledgments • Reuven E. Gordon, Véronique Pagé, Dr. Varghese Baby • Serge Doucet, Prof. Sophie LaRochelle • NSERC Canada and Canadian Institute for Photonic Innovations • Anritsu Electronics, Ltd.

  3. Motivation • Multi-wavelength optical sources have numerous applications: • Optical instrumentation • Fiber optic sensing • Optical communications • Microwave photonics • Regimes of operation • Continuous wave • Mode-locked • Fiber-based solutions are attractive and have the advantage of low coupling loss to optical fiber systems

  4. Features • Stable operation • Power • Wavelength • Broad wavelength range • Wavelength spacing from very large (100’s of GHz) to very narrow (10’s of GHz) • High output power (mW) • Single longitudinal mode • Tunable operation

  5. Challenges • Stable, multi-wavelength operation with narrow wavelength spacing is difficult to achieve in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) due to homogeneous broadening • Cool to 77 K • Frequency-shifting • Polarization holeburning • Careful gain equalization • Complex cavities • Semiconductor optical amplifiers exhibit inhomogeneous linewidth broadening

  6. Semiconductor Fiber Lasers • Use SOAs as the gain medium • Ring or standing-wave cavities • Multi-wavelength filters • Ideally, fiber-based such as: • Fiber Bragg gratings • Mach-Zehnder interferometers • Tunable multi-wavelength operation • Tunable wavelength filters (lasing wavelengths are individually tunable) • Tunable comb filters (lasing wavelengths have equally increased or decreased wavelength spacing)

  7. SFL with a Fabry-Pérot Filter • First demonstration of a multi-wavelength semiconductor fiber ring laser • Serial SOAs used to increase lasing bandwidth 38 wavelengths with 50 GHz channel spacing N. Pleros et al, IEEE PTL, vol. 14, pp. 693-695 (2002)

  8. SFL with Sampled FBG • First demonstration of multi-wavelength lasing in a ring laser using a sampled FBG Sampled FBG: periodic comb filter with wavelength spacing set by the sample period P J. Sun et al, IEEE PTL, vol. 14, pp. 750-752 (2002)

  9.  SFL with Sampled FBG in HiBi Fiber • Switchable operation demonstrated with a sampled FBG in HiBi fiber Due to the different effective indices of the x and y polarizations in the HiBi fiber, each polarization will have its own reflection peak B.-A. Yu et al, IEE EL, vol. 39, pp. 649-650 (2003)

  10. SFL with a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer • > 40 wavelengths with 0.5 nm spacing and tunable operation • VOA used to control lasing wavelengths by saturating the SOA VOA = 3 dB VOA = 8.5 dB VOA = 14 dB F. W. Tong et al, IEE EL, vol. 40, pp. 594-595 (2004)

  11. increasing cavity loss SFL with a PLC-Based Delayed Interferometer • 75 wavelengths with 40 GHz spacing DI spectral response Laser output H. Dong et al, IEEE PTL, vol. 17, pp. 303-305 (2005)

  12. SFL with a Fabry-Pérot Filter • 50 wavelengths with 50 GHz spacing at 1300 nm H. Chen, Opt Lett, vol. 30, pp. 619-621 (2005)

  13. SFL with a Linear Optical Amplifier • LOA (gain-clamped SOA) • Reduced transients compared to conventional SOA which results in improved power stability K. K. Kureshi, IEEE PTL, vol. 17, pp. 1611-1613 (2005)

  14. SFL with a Linear Optical Amplifier • 20 wavelengths with 100 GHz spacing using multi-wavelength thin film etalon filter Sample laser output

  15. SFL with a Linear Optical Amplifier • Comparison of power stability SOA LOA

  16. HiBi, L PC1 in out 3 dB coupler HiBi Fiber Loop Mirror Comb Filter • Fiber loop mirror incorporating a segment of HiBi fiber • Coupler splits input beam into two counter-propagating beams and recombines them after traveling through fiber loop • Birefringence (n) produces a phase difference () between the fast and slow components of a propagating beam • Reflectivity of FLM depends on • this phase difference: • where • Periodicity given by Fang and Claus, Opt Lett, vol. 20, pp. 2146-2148 (1995) Dong et al., Electron. Lett., vol. 36, pp. 1609-1610 (2000)

  17. SFL with HiBi-FLM • Interleaved waveband switching • 17 wavelengths with 100 GHz spacing, bands separated by 50 GHz Comb filter response Laser output response Y. W. Lee et al, IEEE PTL, vol. 16, pp. 54-56 (2004)

  18. HiBi, L1 HiBi, L HiBi, L HiBi, L2 HiBi, LN PC2 PC2 PC1 PC1 PCN in in combiner combiner … out out 3 dB coupler 3 dB coupler 22 switch 22 switch Digitally Programmable HiBi-FLM • State of the switches determines the total length of HiBi fiber in the FLM • If the HiBi fiber segments have equal lengths L, the total length can be varied digitally between L, 2L, … NL • Thus, the wavelength separation can also vary digitally between • As a simple demonstration, we use two fiber segments and one switch • For the cross-state, • For the bar state, L. R. Chen, IEEE PTL, vol. 16, pp. 410-412 (2004)

  19. Digitally Programmable HiBi-FLM • Results • Switch in bar state • L = 3.98 m    1.6 nm • insertion loss  10 dB • Switch in cross-state • L = 1.99 m    3.2 nm • insertion loss  7 dB After changing the state of the switch, may need to adjust PC to optimize contrast

  20. Tunable SFL • Switch in cross-state • Switch in bar-state • 6 lasing wavelengths with • minimum SNR = 40 dB • linewidths < 0.12 nm • 11 lasing wavelengths with • minimum SNR = 36 dB • linewidths < 0.15 nm

  21. Tunable SFL • Stability: repeated scans of output spectra Output power fluctuations < 1.5 dB Wavelength variations < 0.05 nm Switch in cross-state ( = 3.2 nm) Switch in bar state ( = 1.6 nm)

  22. Waveband-Switchable SFL • Phase modulator in HiBi-FLM allows tuning of the comb filter transfer function • Used to vary amount of birefringence in the loop • Shift in comb response but comb spacing is unchanged • 21 wavelengths with 100 GHz spacing M. P. Fok et al, IEEE PTL, vol. 17, pp. 1393-1395 (2005)

  23. Tunable wavelength spacing Tunable wavelengths SFL with HiBi-FLM and Hybrid SOA-EDFA Gain Medium • Increased wavelength range of operation Y.-G. Han et al, IEEE PTL, vol. 17, pp. 989-991 (2005)

  24. FBG-Based Fabry-Pérot • Superimposed chirped FBGs can be used to create a high-finesse FP resonator (CFPR) R. Slavík et al, IEEE PTL, vol. 16, pp. 1017-1019 (2004)

  25. SFL with a CFPR • Standing-wave cavity FSR = 25 GHz V. Baby et al, CIPI Project IT2

  26. SFL with a CFP Resonator • Tunable operation by adjusting PC in HiBi-FLM

  27. SFL with a CFP Resonator • 35 wavelengths with 25 GHz spacing 9 dB

  28. Application of Multi-wavelength SFL • Photonic code conversion in packet-switched networks with code-based processing (CIPI Project IT2) R. E. Gordon and L. R. Chen, IEEE PTL, vol. 18, pp. 586-588 (2006)

  29. TLS3 TLS1 TLS4 TLS2 Photonic Code Conversion: Schematic and Principle ON Input Code i λi1 CONTROL ARM 4 x 1 λi2 VOA MOD EDFA PCC λi3 λi4 SOA1 SOA2 OCA Isolator SAT PC1 PC2 OCB 90% RING 10% OFF PD Rx AWG Output Code j Loop Mirrors λj1 λj2 λj3 λj4

  30. TLS3 TLS1 TLS4 TLS2 Photonic Code Conversion: Schematic and Principle OFF Input Code i λi1 CONTROL ARM 4 x 1 λi2 VOA MOD EDFA PCC λi3 λi4 SOA1 SOA2 OCA Isolator UNSAT PC1 PC2 OCB 90% RING 10% ON PD Rx AWG Output Code j Loop Mirrors λj1 λj2 λj3 λj4

  31. λi2 λi3 λi4 λi1 • Static Response Summary: • 4.7dB Input swing • 23.3dB Output swing • Sharp, step-like transition • Thresholding and limiting functionality • 2R regeneration possible PCC setup: ISOA,1 = 36mAISOA,2 = 139mA λj2 λj1 λj4 λj3 Peak Output Power (dBm) Power (dBm) Total Input Power (dBm) Wavelength (nm) PCC Results

  32. Applications of Tunable Multi-wavelength SFL • Measuring chromatic dispersion based on time-of-flight V. Pagé and L. R. Chen, Opt Commun (to appear, 2006)

  33. Measuring CD based on TOF: Results • Measurements using both wavelength spacings

  34. Measuring CD based on TOF: Results • CD measurements for both wavelength spacings and comparison to standard phase-shift technique

  35. dispersive medium electro-optic modulator EDFA multi- optical source SMF  = 3.2 nm fRF RF out lightwave component analyzer  = 1.6 nm Applications of Tunable Multi-wavelength SFL • Tunable photonic microwave filter • Microwave filter response (using 9.5 km of SMF as dispersive medium) L. R. Chen and V. Pagé, IEE EL, vol. 41, pp. 1183-1184 (2005)

  36. Summary • Using SOA as a gain medium allows for: • Stable, multi-wavelength operation at room temperature • Narrow wavelength spacings (25 GHz demonstrated) • Relatively simply implementation • Issues for further study: • Power equalization • Single longitudinal mode operation

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