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The Ottoman Empire From Osman to the Young Turks

The Ottoman Empire From Osman to the Young Turks. Spath – 351 CPME. http://euroheritage.net/serbscroatsbosnians.shtml. Readings M.E. & Islamic World Reader – Origins of Islam (excerpts from Qu’ran ) The Caliphate (and schism) Various early dynasties (esp. Umayyad & Abbasid)

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The Ottoman Empire From Osman to the Young Turks

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  1. The Ottoman EmpireFrom Osman to the Young Turks Spath – 351 CPME http://euroheritage.net/serbscroatsbosnians.shtml

  2. Readings • M.E. & Islamic World Reader – • Origins of Islam (excerpts from Qu’ran) • The Caliphate (and schism) • Various early dynasties (esp. Umayyad & Abbasid) • The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires (gunpowder empires) • In Cleveland – Tanzimat period of the Ottoman Empire (1839-1876).

  3. Today: Ottoman Empire (end of 13th c. – 1922) We will cover up to the turn of the 20th century Big Questions: - What happened? How did the empire change? - Why was the Ottoman Empire so dominant? - Why did it decline? - Why is this important to contemporary ME politics? Where are We Going? - Monday: Colonialism - Tuesday: WWI, Inter-War Years

  4. The Gunpowder Empires

  5. Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals became dominant after Mongol Empire. Why? • Mongol Legacy • Agrarianism • Trade Revenue • Gunpowder • Governing Strategies

  6. The Ottomans: • Started with Osman and his son Orhan • Gazi Tradition • Pragmatic Considerations

  7. Ottoman Rule • Gaza (Gazis) tradition of religious expansion • Urbanization of imperial cities • Toleration of local customs • Millet System • Dhimmi • Dynastic Succession & fratricide • Devshirme Levy • Four-level ruling elite

  8. The Ottoman Empire

  9. Expansion under Mehmed II • Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481 • In 1453, he toppled the Byzantine Empire, capturing Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul, and making it the new Ottoman capital • Expanded the empire to become the ruler of “two lands” (Europe and Asia) and “two seas” (the Mediterranean and the Black) Scene from the battle defending Constantinople from a 1499 painting

  10. Selim I – Selim the Grim • The Sunni Ottomans under Selim the Grim (reigned 1512-1520) detested the Shiite Safavids and launched a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory

  11. Battle of Chaldiran • The critical battle in this campaign was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 • The Ottomans won and temporarily occupied the Safavid capital of Tabriz but could not completely destroy the Safavid state • The Ottomans and Safavids continued to fight intermittingly for the next two centuries

  12. Suleyman the Magnificent • Reigned from 1520 to 1566 and continued the expansion • Conquered Baghdad in 1534 • Siege on Vienna (Hapsburgs) • Moved across N. Africa

  13. 18th Century: • Decline • External Forces • Economy • Military • Loans • Decentralization • Janissaries • Bureaucracy • Ulema • Governors & • Notables

  14. 19th Century: Towards Consolidation and Re-centralization • Selim III • Muhammad • Ali • Mahmud II

  15. Selim III and his “New Order” • Attempt at recentralization • Devsirme system replaced by Nizam-I Jadid • Diplomatic Engagement with Europe • Assassination from supporters of Status Quo

  16. Mahmud II • Reigned from 1808 to 1839 and launched a reform program designed to restore the traditional Ottoman military • The elite and powerful Janissaries opposed the reforms, but Mahmud massacred them • He remodeled his institutions, especially his military, along European lines • European-style uniforms • European tactics and weaponry • European education Janissaries

  17. Muhammad Ali

  18. Discussion: Tanzimat and Its Effects • Integration into empire of people on outskirts of the empire • disincentive rising up with nationalist sentiment against empire • Nationality Law – allowed for common citizenship regardless of religion • LEGAL REFORMS • increased autonomy of the millets • civil and political rights • individual court systems • public trials, legal representation, rights of privacy, equal protection • Europeanization of the military • the military academies taught in french • standardized under the state, open to all, increased secular education • Effects • Reforms were incredibly costly  they borrowed • Major economic problems and loan default • Nationalism, some of the Muslim population, ulema • split among officials in the Ottoman ruling class (religious and secular) • produced fissure between nobility and masses (peasants) • smaller consolidated territory and governance

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