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Explore the Southern Colonies' economic reliance on cash crops and slave labor, and the brewing conflict between France and Britain in North America.
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Chapter 4 Growth of the Thirteenth Colonies
Southern Colonies • Rich soil, warm climate made it ideal for farming • Tobacco was most important cash crop • High demand for it in Europe • Enslaved Africans worked on plantations • Main cash crop – rice • Relied on slave labor • Would be more profitable than tobacco
Southern Colonies • Most large plantations were located in the Tidewater • Crops shipped to market by boats • Each plantation was a self-contained community
Southern Colonies • Enslaves lived on plantations • Treated cruel • 1705, colony of Virginia created slave code • 1. 2. • 3. 4. 5. • Slavery was not supported by all southerners and had less support in the northern colonies
Government, Religion, and Culture • Trouble brewing in England and the colonies • Britain passed several laws to ensure England benefited from trade with the colonies • Colonies accepted at first but later wanted to manufacture own goods
Government, Religion, and Culture • England parliament set many of their own laws for the colonies but many settlers wanted to break free of Britain rule • Colonists brought ideas about government • English system – two principles of government • Limited government and representative government
Government, Religion, and Culture • As colonies grew, town meetings developed into small gov’ts responsible for making laws • 1760s, three types of colonies in America • 1. charter colonies • 2. proprietary colonies • 3. royal coloines
Charter Colonies • Connecticut and Rhode Island • Settlers were given carter – grant of rights and privileges – to establish charter colonies • Elected own governors and members of legislative • Great Britain had rights to approve governor • Governor could not veto acts of legislature
Proprietary Colonies • Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania • Ruled by proprietors – individuals who Britain granted land • Generally free to rule as they wished • Proprietors appointed governor and members of upper legislature house • Colonist elected lower house
Royal Colonies • Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia • Britain directly ruled – appointed governor and council • Colonist elected lower house
Culture • Great Awakening • The New England and Middle Colonies • A return to the strong faith of earlier days • Led to many new churches https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-dk4-HBNWQ
Culture • Family • Men formal head of household and represented family in community • Men worked in fields and built things • Women ran their household and cared for children • Married women were under their husbands authority and had few rights • Widows and women who never married could run businesses and own property but could not vote
Culture • Education • Parents mostly taught children how to read and write • New England and Penn. set up schools to make sure everyone could read and study the Bible • Mass. Puritans passed education laws • 1st college was Harvard College 1636 • Educated colonists were influenced by the Enlightenment • Movement was based upon the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society
France and Britain Clash • France and Britain conflict began in England and carried over to the Americas when territory claims began • Both sides knew that assistance from Native Americans could help them win control of North America • French had advantage - Native allies • French were only interested in fur trading not taking land away from Natives • French missionaries converted many Natives and French married Native women and followed customs
France and Britain Clash • Most powerful group of Natives - Iroquois Confederacy • Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onodaga, Oneida, Iroquois • Iroquois managed to remain independent by trading with both British and French • Eventually would give certain trading rights to British and reluctantly became their allies
Iroquois Confederacy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4_vwKyeG58
France and Britain Clash • British wanted French out of Ohio area • Sent George Washington to tell French they were trespassing on land Great Britain claimed and they must leave • No luck • Washington sent back with a militia instructed to build for by the Ohio River. • French were already building Fort Duquesne • Washington would establish small post nearby – Fort Necessity • Washington would attack French but be outnumbered and surrender
France and Britain Clash • Representatives of some of the colonies met to discuss the threat of war • Defend themselves against French and hope to persuade the Iroquois to support British • Albany Plan of Union • “one general government” • No colony would approve cause they did not give up any of its power • Soon, a full-scale war erupted
French and Indian War • War raged from late 1750s to early 1760s • struggle involved control of world trade and power on the seas • French were building armed forts throughout Great Lakes region and Ohio River valley • had alliances with Natives • early stages of war, British colonies fought French with little help from Great Britain • Britain intervened and appoint a commander in chief, General Edward Braddock, • mission - drive French forces from Ohio Valley region
French and Indian War • 1st attack by Braddock was a failure – Washington would lead troops back to Virginia • Fighting in America led to new war in Europe • Seven Years War • Britain declared war on France and fought in Europe, India, Caribbean and N. America • William Pitt would be Great Britain’s prospect • Avoid arguments from colonists about cost of war, Pitt decided Great Britain would pay no matter cost • He and his commanders would be successful in taking over French forts
French and Indian War • Battle of Quebec • Sept 1759, British did a night attack and surprised British troops and defeated the French army • Treaty of Paris, 1763 • forced France to give Canada and most of its lands east of the Mississippi R. to Great Britain • Great Britain also received Florida from France's ally, Spain • Treaty marked the end of France as a power in North America
Trouble on the Frontier • War between Natives and British would grow more after defeating France. • More settlers wanted to migrate past the Appalachian mountains where previous French rule held • to prevent fighting Britain called a halt to the settlers westward expansion • The Proclamation of 1763 - set the Appalachian Mts as the temporary western boundary for the colonies • this would upset colonists because speculators already bought land west of the mountains
