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Cornerstones

Learn to analyze financial statements effectively using cross-sectional, time series, horizontal, vertical, and ratio analysis. Understand how these analysis methods can help identify trends, changes, and make informed decisions about a company's financial health and performance.

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Cornerstones

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  1. Cornerstones of Financial Accounting, 3e

  2. Chapter 12:Financial Statement Analysis Cornerstones of Financial Accounting, 3e

  3. The Use of Financial Statements in Decisions • Users of Financial Statements • Customers • Suppliers • Employees • Investors • Creditors LO-1

  4. SEC Filings • Publicly traded corporations must file a variety of financial information, including audited financial statements, with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on an ongoing basis. • See Exhibit 12.2 LO-2

  5. Analyzing Financial Statements with Cross Sectional and Time Series Analysis • Two general comparisons we make when analyzing financial statements are cross sectional analysis and time series (or trend) analysis. • Cross sectional analysis compares one corporation to another corporation and to industry averages. • Time series (or trend) analysis compares a single corporation across time. LO-3

  6. Analyzing Financial Statements with Cross Sectional and Time Series Analysis • Year-to-year comparisons of important accounts and account groups help to identify the causes of changes in a company’s income or financial position. • Knowing the causes of these changes is helpful in forecasting a company’s future profitability and financial position. LO-3

  7. Analyzing The Financial Statements with Horizontal & Vertical Analysis • The comparative financial statements included in the 10-K report the results in dollar amounts. • This makes it easy to detect large changes between years in accounts or groups of accounts. • These changes may indicate that the corporation is changing or that the conditions under which the corporation operates are changing. LO-4

  8. Analyzing The Financial Statements with Horizontal & Vertical Analysis (cont.) • While comparative financial statements show changes in the amounts of financial statement items, analysts often prefer to restate the financial statements in percentages using common size statements. • Common size statements express each financial statement line item in percentage terms, which highlights differences. LO-4

  9. Horizontal Analysis • In a horizontal analysis, each financial statement line item is expressed as a percent of the base year (typically the first year shown). • Horizontal analysis is good for highlighting the growth (or shrinkage) in financial statement line items from year to year and is particularly useful for trend analysis. LO-4

  10. Vertical Analysis • Vertical analysis expresses each financial statement line item as a percent of the largest amount on the statement. • On the income statement, this is net sales and on the balance sheet it is total assets. • Vertical analysis helps distinguish between changes in account balances that result from growth and changes that are likely to have arisen from other causes. LO-4

  11. Analyzing the Financial Statements with Ratio Analysis • Ratio analysis is an examination of financial statements conducted by preparing and evaluating a series of ratios. • Ratios (or financial ratios), like other financial analysis data, normally provide meaningful information only when compared with ratios from previous periods for the same firm (i.e., time series, or trend analysis) or similar firms (i.e., cross-sectional analysis). LO-5

  12. Analyzing the Financial Statements with Ratio Analysis (cont.) • Ratios help by removing most of the effects of size differences. • When dollar amounts are used, size differences between firms may make a meaningful comparison impossible. • However, properly constructed financial ratios permit the comparison of firms regardless of size. LO-5

  13. Short-Term Liquidity Ratios • Short-term liquidity ratios are particularly helpful to short-term creditors, but all investors and creditors have an interest in these ratios. • Analysts want to know the likelihood that a company will be able to pay its current obligations as they come due. • Failure to pay current liabilities can lead to suppliers refusing to sell needed inventory and employees leaving. LO-5

  14. Short-Term Liquidity Ratios (cont.) • The cash necessary to pay current liabilities will come from existing cash or from receivables and inventory, which should turn into cash approximately at the same time the current liabilities become due. • The short-term liquidity ratios compare some combination of current assets or operations to current liabilities. LO-5

  15. Short-term Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities Quick Ratio(Acid-test ratio) = Cash + Short Term Investments + Receivables / Current Liabilities Cash Ratio = Cash + Short-Term Investments / Current Liabilities Operating Cash Flow Ratio = Cash Flows from Operating Activities / Current Liabilities LO-5

  16. Debt Management Ratios • Debt management ratios provide information on two aspects of debt. • First, they provide information on the relative mix of debt and equity financing (often referred to as its capital structure). • The primary advantages of debt over equity are as follows: • Interest payments are tax-deductible. • Creditors do not share in profits. LO-5

  17. Debt Management Ratios (cont.) • Second, debt management ratios also try to show the corporation’s ability to meet, or cover its debt obligations through operations because interest and principal payments must be made as scheduled. • Debt is riskier than equity, because unless the interest and principal payments are made when due, the firm may fall into bankruptcy. LO-5

  18. Summary of Financial Ratios: Debt Management Ratios Times Interest Earned (Accrual Basis) = Operating Income / Interest Expense Times Interest Earned (Cash Basis) = Cash Flows from Operations + Income Tax Payments +Interest Payments / Interest Payments LO-5

  19. Summary of Financial Ratios: Debt Management Ratios (Cont.) Long-Term Debt to Equity Ratio = Long-Term Debt including current portion / Total Equity Debt to Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Total Equity Long-Term Debt to Total Assets Ratio = Long-Term including current portion / Total Assets Debt to Total Assets Ratio = Total Liabilities / Total Assets LO-5

  20. Asset Efficiency Ratios • Asset efficiency ratios (or operating ratios) are measures of how efficiently a company uses its assets. • The principal asset efficiency ratios are measures of turnover, that is, the average length of time required for assets to be consumed or replaced. • The faster an asset is turned over, the more efficiently it is being used. LO-5

  21. Asset Efficiency Ratios (cont.) • These ratios provide managers and other users of a corporation’s financial statements with easily interpreted measures of the time required to turn receivables into cash, inventory into cost of goods sold, or total assets into sales. LO-5

  22. Summary of Financial Ratios: Asset Efficiency Ratios Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Sales or Net Sales / Average Accounts Receivable Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory Asset Turnover Ratio = Net Sales / Average Total Assets LO-5

  23. Profitability Ratios • Profitability ratios measure two aspects of a corporation’s profits: • elements of operations that contribute to profit • the relationship of profit to total investment and investment by stockholders LO-5

  24. Profitability Ratios (cont.) • The first group of profitability ratios, which includes gross profit (or gross margin) percentage, operating margin percentage, and net profit margin percentage, expresses income statement elements as percentages of net sales. • The second group of profitability ratios, which includes return on assets and return on equity, divides measures of income by measures of investment. LO-5

  25. Summary of Financial Ratios: Profitability Ratios Gross Profit Percentage = Gross Profit / Net Sales Operating Margin Percentage = Income from Operations / Net Sales Net Profit Margin Percentage = Net Income / Net Sales Return on Assets = Net Income + [Interest Expense X (1 – Tax Rate)] / Average Total Assets Return on Equity = Net Income / Average Equity LO-5

  26. Stockholder Ratios • Stockholders are primarily interested in two things: • the creation of value • the distribution of value • Stockholder ratios such as earnings per share and return on common equity provide information about the creation of value for stockholders. • Value is distributed to stockholders in one of two ways. LO-5

  27. Stockholder Ratios (cont.) • Either the corporation issues dividends or repurchases stock. • The remainder of the stockholder ratios—dividend yield, dividend payout, stock repurchase payout, and total payout—address this distribution of value. LO-5

  28. Summary of Financial Ratios: Stockholder Ratios Earnings Per Share Ratio = Net Income – Preferred Dividends / Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding Return on Common Equity = Net Income / Average Common Equity Dividend Yield Ratio = Dividends per Common Share / Closing Market Price per Share for the Year LO-5

  29. Summary of Financial Ratios: Stockholder Ratios (Cont.) Dividend Payout Ratio = Common Dividends / Net Income Stock Repurchase Payout Ratio = Common Stock Repurchase / Net Income Total Payout Ratio = Common Dividends + Common Stock Repurchases / Net Income LO-5

  30. Dupont Analysis • Return on common equity (or return on equity, ROE) is the most important measure of profitability for investors. • It represents the amount of income generated per dollar of book value of equity or common equity. • It is conceptually similar to an interest rate. LO-5

  31. Data for Ratio Comparisons • Developing information from financial ratios requires that comparisons be made among the ratios of the following: • the same corporation over time • similar corporations over time • similar corporations at the present time • Analysts rely on several sources to fulfill their need for a broad range of data for individual corporations as well as for industries and the economy. LO-5

  32. Data for Ratio Comparisons (cont.) • The best source of information about the corporation starts with the investor relations section of their website. • Links to the corporation’s 10-K (and other SEC filings), analyst conference calls, and press releases are typically found there. LO-5

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