Ways to Use Wireless to Operate Buildings Better

1. Ways to Use Wireless to Operate Buildings Better CBEEdward Arens, Cliff Federspiel, David Auslander,Therese Peffer, Charlie Huizenga BWRC Paul Wright, Jan Rabaey, + BSAC Richard White + Berkeley Intel Lab David Culler +

2. Building Systems and Their Monitoring Needs • Current situation: • Insufficient number of environmental sensors (1/1000sf) • Ineffective placement of sensors (limited by wires) • Monthly lump-sum electricity/gas bills • Occupants have little information, insight, or influence over their building environment Building Lighting, temperature, sound, air quality… Occupancy, comfort, productivity Electricity, gas, water, weather… Energy People

3. Solar radiation sensor Zone temperature sensor Individual recognize sensor Sensing and Actuation Opportunities Physiology sensor Survey of occupant reaction Anemometer Provide information Message to occupants Suggest action Shading CO2 sensor Individual comfort model Human productivity model Window Human schedule Adjust position Blinds Occupancy model Total power consumption model Decisions Control devices Door sensor Start on/off AC Vent Building thermal model HVAC system model Lighting model Plug load model Setpoint reset Sound sensor Refriger Shut down Motion sensor Lights Computer Structure temperature sensor Window status sensor HVAC condition Zone light sensor Plug power measurement Office device Pressure around building Weather condition Weather condition Daylight illumination Fuel/electric price

4. Perspective in a Perimeter Zone Sensing, intelligence, actuation: • Detect ambient conditions, solar radiation, wind pressure, natural light, perspiration, occupancy,… • Trade-off energy, thermal comfort, and visual need,… • Appropriate adjustments are made at: vav valve, light dimmer, reflective vanes,… VAV actuator Climate sensor Light ballast BACnet Occupancy sensor Reflective Comfort stat Base station vane actuator Window switch Desk climate sensor

5. Prototype wireless lighting control system Motivation • Lighting accounts for ~50% of commercial building electricity consumption • Switching is often inadequate and inflexible and results in significant energy waste • One switch may control the lights for many occupants • Switches are often not conveniently located • “Ownership” of switches is unclear • Switching often does not work well with daylight patterns

6. Objective Develop a lighting control system that is: • Highly flexible • Wireless • Cost effective There are many wireless systems in development and in the marketplace. What’s different about our approach? • Does not require special ballasts • Will work for new or retrofit applications • Is easily reprogrammed by the user • Will have a low installation cost per switch/fixture ($20 target)

7. System Overview Wireless controller Light sensor Desktop, mobile, or wall mounted switch

8. Wireless switch Ballast Power supply to lamps Wireless controller Light sensor Motion sensor System components Radio motes

9. Control flexibility Switches can be operated by either a local switch or through a central control system

10. Lighting Groups Perimeter Daylight Group

11. Lighting Groups Emergency Group

12. Lighting Groups Jethro’s Workspace

13. Lighting Groups Madonna’s Workspace

14. Control strategies More creative strategies are possible than with a simple switch… • Lights on/off • Lights needed/not needed • Minimum light level • Emergency lights on • Non-critical lights off

15. Progress • Prototype design • 2 prototypes built

16. Residential Demand Response Project Objectives: • To respond to dynamic electricity pricing, we need: • A meter that records time-of-use, as well as use. • A system that can automatically operate HVAC and other equipment in response to price signals. • An interface that accurately obtains the occupants’ preferences between price and comfort. • Information devices that help the occupant respond intelligently. • Sensors and actuators that can be easily installed, (ie, wireless). • To be a breakthrough, this system must be inexpensive: • $50 for meter, $30 for thermostat, $10 for sensor nodes. • It must also last at least 10 years without battery changes.

17. Demand-response system Wattmeters , Switches, Action - suggesting alerts and displays (two alternatives) Sun control blinds, Lighting dimmers Appliances Refrigerator Smart Ventilator Outdoor Outdoor Sensors Sensors Power Power Indoor Indoor Sensors Sensors Wattmeters , Switches, Action - suggesting Existing Existing alerts and displays Meter Meter (Links by Internet or (Links by Internet or (two alternatives) wireless services to:) wireless services to:) Sun control blinds, Lighting dimmers Electrical Utility Electrical Utility Appliances Grid Operator Grid Operator Weather Service… Weather Service… Refrigerator Panel Panel Base Base User User Station Station Price schedules in, Price schedules in, Interface Interface ( ( Wi Wi - - Fi Fi or or Electric usage out Electric usage out TinyOS TinyOS ) ) Heating System Heating System DSL, Cable, Cell DSL, Cable, Cell - - phone phone Home Home Air Conditioner Air Conditioner Smart Ventilator text messaging, or WAN text messaging, or WAN Server Server radio system radio system Hot Water Heater Hot Water Heater Pool Pump Pool Pump

18. Attendees: California Energy Comm. Commissioner Rosenfeld and staff PIER staff TAC members CIEE List of demos: DR System Framework Physical model User interface Energy Scavenging Light and vibration Power on/off motes Device prototyping Thermostat Price-signalling mote Demonstration Sept. 30

19. Wattmeters and wireless relays (By Richard White’s group at BSAC) MEMS cantilever with piezoelectric film

20. DR System simulation and control DR system simulated in Java code, including: House thermal behavior. DR control algorithms. Wireless network communications. Will control the model house via the wireless motes.

21. Smart Thermostat Control Levels Weather forecast (WWW) • Operator presets typical setback Temperature setpoints • Operator presets Demand Response temperature setpoints (amount of temperature discomfort acceptable based on price). • Operator maintains manual override. External Communication Realtime pricing from Utility via meter Operator LOW $ MED $$ HIGH $$$ • Wireless motes • Scavenged power • Tiny OS Goal Seeking Energy cost vs.thermal comfort and power need Supervisory Control Thermal comfort vs. price Power consumption vs. price • Typical energy saving setback Temperature setpoints • Demand Response Temperature Setpoints (based on price) • Temperature Setpoints based on adaptive model • Preheat or precool based on advance notice of price increase • Expert system optimize cooling or heating (temp sensors, weather forecast) • Manual override • Shut off • Auto control of water heater, refrigerator, pool equipment depending on price • Send notice to motes on stove, washer, dryer, dishwasher (current price and upcoming price) Coordination Heat or cool Use economizer fan or ac Power to which appliance What, how, when Appliance power sensors Direct Control On/off On/off On/off high/med/low On/off On/off On/off Appliance power sensors Interface Mote interface (radio to hub) Heater control (wired) AC control (wired) Fan/economizer control (wired) Smart advice text Traffic light on appliance • Wireless power sensor • Wireless relay at outlet Computer • Wireless motes/tiny OS • Scavenged power Sensor/ Actuator LR Temp mote BR Temp mote Ext Temp mote Sensor on window or blind Wireless relay Wireless relay Wireless relay Temp mote in Ref Power sensor Operator actuated Operator actuated Power sensor Power sensor Power sensor Stove, Washer, Dryer, Dishwasher Blow dryer… Physical Target Living Room Bed room Window/blind Pool equipment Water heater Refrigerator

22. Thermostat simulation and prototyping Working,interactive thermostat simulated on PC screen Thermostat and signalling motes fabricated using rapid prototyping

23. Energy usage screen

24. Obtaining user preferences We are examining various versions of interface—the challenge is to balance energy cost and comfort.