科学与对于上帝的信念相一致吗？ Is Science Consistent With Belief in God?

1. 科学与对于上帝的信念相一致吗？ Is Science Consistent With Belief in God? Robert J. Marks II Distinguished Professor Of Electrical and Computer Engineering

2. Abstract摘要 Some believe those who objectively pursue truth through the scientific method cannot realistically embrace the truth of God.  The opposite is true.  Indeed, both today and in history, numerous scientists, mathematicians and engineers are motivated in their work by the uncovering of the precise orderliness and wonderful interrelations in God's creations. Recent advances in science have exposed numerous insights into God's existence.  We will discuss some of these, including anthropic principles, string theory, and the meanings of phrases like "before the beginning of time", "nothingness" and "infinity". 

3. The Question • Q: Can a faith in God be consistent with science? Can a scientist believe in God? • A: Science & Mathematics offer overwhelming evidence that there is a God.

4. Some Atheist Thoughts about Belief in God…一些无神论者关于上帝的观点 “Christian theism must be rejected by any person with even a shred of respect for reason” George H. Smith, Atheist Philosopher “[Bible miracles] are very effective with an audience of unsophisticates and children” Richard Dawkins. “Faith is when you believe something no one in their right mind believes.” Archie Bunker

5. Newton on Atheism Newton on Atheism “Atheism is so senseless and odious to mankind that it never had many professors.” Isaac Newton quoted from Newton’s Philosophy of Nature: Selections From His Writings (Hafner Publishing, 1953)

6. Washington Post article describing international conference on the nature of nature in Washington D.C. in 1989 来自华盛顿邮报的报导 “Many scientist who were not long ago certain that the universe was created and peopled by accident are having second thoughts and concede the possibility that some intelligent creative force may have been necessary.”

7. ... and what does God tell us about Science?

8. Science and Theology科学与技术 “[My fellow astronomers are] scaling the mountains of ignorance, … conquering the highest peak, … pulling [themselves] over the final rock … [to be] greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries.” Robert Jastrow, founder and director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space

9. Examples...例子： • Cosmology: The Big Bang • Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory • Physics: Fine Tuning of the Universe • Biology: Evidence of Design • Mathematics & Physics: Dimensionality • Engineering: Conservation of Information and Complexity

10. Cosmology: The Big Bang宇宙论：宇宙大爆炸 • Cosmology: The Big Bang • Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory • Physics: Fine Tuning of the Universe • Biology: Evidence of Design • Mathematics & Physics: Dimensionality • Engineering: Conservation of Information and Complexity

11. Cosmology: The Big Bang宇宙论：宇宙大爆炸 • The Possibilities • Static homogeneous universe • Can’t be finite (collapse!) • Can’t be infinite (too bright!) • Dynamic expanding universe  Big Bang  Evidence of Old Earth • Hubble’s Red Shift (1929) • Radioactive Dating • Antarctic ice drillings (20-25 Million Years) • Background Radiation (Penzias & Wilson @ Bell Labs, 1965).

12. The Dead Man’s Syndrome...死人症状 We think in accordance to our presuppositions.

13. Cosmology: The Big Bang宇宙论：宇宙大爆炸 The Big Bang awoke “Dead Man Syndrome” arguments… “The difficulty of [the theory]… is that it seems to require a sudden and particular beginning of things.” “Philosophically, the notion of a beginning of the present order of Nature is repugnant to me … I should like to find a genuine loophole.” Arthur Eddington (1882-1944)

14. Faith: What do we know and when do we know it? • Cosmologists think they know about the big bang from 10-43 seconds. What about before? No one knows! There is lots of guessing. • “… all physical theories … break down at the beginning of the universe.” Stephen Hawking • Hebrews 11 3 (NIV) By faith we understand that the universe was formed at God's command, so that what is seen was not made out of what was visible.Passage 希 伯 來 書 11:3:3 我 们 因 着 信 ， 就 知 道 诸 世 界 是 藉 神 话 造 成 的 ； 这 样 ， 所 看 见 的 ， 并 不 是 从 显 然 之 物 造 出 来 的 。

15. Cosmology: The Big BangBefore, there was “Nothing” 宇宙论：宇宙大爆炸在那之前，什么都没有… • Absence of matter & energy • Absence of SPACE • Absence of TIME

16. Cosmology: The Big BangTime was created… 宇宙论：宇宙大爆炸时间被创造 “…time had a beginning at the big bang, in the sense that earlier times simply would not be defined.” Stephen Hawking

17. Cosmology: The Big BangTime was created… 宇宙论：宇宙大爆炸时间被创造 • 1 Corinthians 2:7 No, we speak of God's secret wisdom, a wisdom that has been hidden and that God destined for our glory before time began. • Titus 1:2 a faith and knowledge resting on the hope of eternal life, which God, who does not lie, promised before the beginning of time,

18. Cosmology: The Big Bang 宇宙论：宇宙大爆炸Some Old Questions Answered… “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.”Passage 創 世 記 1:1:創 世 記 1    1 起 初 ， 　 神 创 造 天 地 。If God created the universe, then He exists outside of time. If God created us, who created God? The question presupposes the flow of time. It is without meaning.

19. Cosmology: The Big Bang 宇宙论：宇宙大爆炸God’s Time • If God “existed” before time, then God can exist outside the framework of time. • Movie Analogy • Writing Analogy • Consequences • God can have personal relationships with all • From God’s perspective, there is no conflict between free will and predestination (fate). Both are temporal concepts.

20. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory数学：Cantorian 超限序数论 • Cosmology: The Big Bang • Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory • Physics: Fine Tuning of the Universe • Biology: Evidence of Design • Mathematics & Physics: Dimensionality • Engineering: Conservation of Information and Complexity

21. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp CantorBorn: 3 March 1845 in St Petersburg, RussiaDied: 6 Jan 1918 in Halle, Germany Georg Cantor developed the set theory for transfinite numbers.  1 0 2 3 o ? Georg a Protestant, the religion of his father. Georg's mother was a Roman Catholic

22. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities David Hilbert described Cantor's work as:“...the finest product of mathematical genius and one of the supreme achievements of purely intellectual human activity.” "I see it but I don't believe it.” Georg Cantor on his own theory. “…the infinite is nowhere to be found in reality” David Hilbert. Hilbert http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Mathematicians/Cantor.html

23. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities… • is not a number – it is a process. • is approached, never achieved. limn

24. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities… 0 The set of all counting numbers C={1, 2, 3, 4, …} has cardinality* 0 . Other sets have cardinality* 0 if each element in the set can be placed on a one-to-one correspondence to C. * The number of elements in a set.

25. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论The Hottentots (Gamow) • One • Two • Three • Many

26. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities… 0 The set of even numbers has cardinality 0 E={2, 4, 6, 8, …} Why? Because of the correspondence:

27. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Hilbert’s Hotel… 0 0 Rooms – all full. One more person comes. No Problem! Send guest in room 1 to room 2, guest 2 to room 3, etc. This frees room 1 for the new guest.

28. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Hilbert’s Hotel… 0 0 Rooms – all full. 0 more person comes. No Problem! Send guest in room 1 to room 2, guest 2 to room 4, 3 to 6, etc. This frees all the odd rooms for the new guests.

29. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Hilbert’s Hotel… 0 0 Rooms – all full. 0 guests leave. How many rooms are left occupied? • Guests from all rooms leave. 0 - 0 = 0 • Guests from rooms 4 and higher leave. 0 - 0 = 4 • Guests from all the even rooms leave, or, guest from every tenth room leaves. 0 - 0 = 0

30. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Hilbert’s Hotel… http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/9-9-2002-26002.asp

31. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Hilbert’s Hotel… http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/9-9-2002-26002.asp

32. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities… 0 Numerator A number is rational number if it can be expressed as the ratio of two integers. The set of rational numbers, R, has cardinality 0.     Denominator        

33. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities… 1 The set of all subsets of a set with 0 elements is of cardinality 1. This is a “bigger” infinity. Example: the set of irrational numbers between 0 and 1 (points on a line) is of cardinality 1.

34. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities… 1 Proof by counterexample: Suppose a mapping exists: Choose any other digit other than the one circled – say the number after. The number 0.86314… is not in the table. Contradiction!

35. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities… 1 The number of points on a line, 1, is the same as the number of points in a square - or in a cube. Consider a unit interval and a unit square. (1,1) For every point, P, in the square, there is a unique corresponding point on the line segment, and visa versa. P y P (0,0) 0 z 1 x The point on the line is z=0.132456754…. Taking every other digit, corresponds to x=0.12574… and y=0.346754…

36. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities… 2 n+1, is the set of all subsets of n . Q: What is an example of 2? A: All the squiggles that can be drawn on a plane.

37. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities… 2 n+1 is the set of all subsets of n. Q: What is an example of 3? A: Like a fifth spatial dimension, this is beyond comprehension.

38. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Cantorian Infinities… 2 n+1 is the set of all subsets of n. There is no “biggest” infinity.  < <  0 1 0

39. Q: Can we use Cantor’s Theory as evidence that the universe must have a beginning? • A: Yes, in the sense that otherwise, absurd things happen.

40. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论William Lane Craig “…since the actual infinite cannot exist and infinite temporal regress of events is an actual infinite, we can be sure that an infinite temporal regress of events cannot exist, that is to say, the temporal regress of events is finite. Therefore, since the temporal regress of events is finite, the universe began to exist.”

41. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论William Lane Craig Some absurdities of an infinite past: “To try to instantiate an actual infinite progressively in the real world would be hopeless, for one could always add one more element.” (0 versus .)

42. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论William Lane Craig Some absurdities of an infinite past: Tristram Shandy Paradox (Russell):If Tristram Shandy wrote his autobiography 365 times as slow as he lived life, he could live 0 days and be finished with his autobiography now.

43. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory N years 0 t N days Bummer Tristram will fall further and further behind. 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Tristram Shandy Paradox • Writing from t = 0 onward:

44. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory N years Cool t N days No matter how big N, there is always time for Tristram to finish: even if N = 0. 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论Tristram Shandy Paradox • Writing from the past to end at t = 0: This is Absurd!!

45. Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory 数学：Cantorian 超限序数论William Lane Craig “… an infinite temporal regress is absurd.” Thus: Time and the universe are finite. The universe must have been created ex nihilo.

46. Physics: Fine Tuning of the Universe物理：微调宇宙 • Cosmology: The Big Bang • Mathematics: Cantorian Transfinite Number Theory • Physics: Fine Tuning of the Universe • Biology: Evidence of Design • Mathematics & Physics: Dimensionality • Engineering: Conservation of Information and Complexity

47. Physics: Fine Tuning of the Universe Why are constants what they are? 为什么以下常数会有这样的值？

48. Physics: Fine Tuning of the Universe John WheelerPrinceton University professor of physics 物理：微调宇宙 "Slight variations in physical laws such as gravity or electromagnetism would make life impossible . . . the necessity to produce life lies at the center of the universe's whole machinery and design," (Reader's Digest, Sept., 1986).

49. Physics: Fine Tuning of the Universe J.L. Mackie, 无神论者Atheist(Miracle of Theism, p.141) 物理：微调宇宙 “There is only one actual universe, with a unique set of basic materials and physical constants, and it is therefore surprising that the elements of this unique set-up are just right for life when they might easily have been wrong. This is not made less surprising by the fact that if it had not been so, no one would have been here to be surprised. We can properly envision and consider alternative possibilities which do not include our being there to experience them.”

50. Physics: Fine Tuning of the Universe Sir Fred Hoyle,不可知论者Agnostic(The Intelligent Universe) 物理：微调宇宙 "Such properties seem to run through the fabric of the natural world like a thread of happy coincidences. But there are so many odd coincidences essential to life that some explanation seems required to account for them." Fred Holye (1915-2001) coined the term “big bang”- mocking the theory. He promoted, instead, the steady state theory.