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Divisive Politics of Slavery & Secession: North vs South before the Civil War

This chapter explores the differences between the North and South, including the reliance on slavery in the South and the opposition to slavery in the North. It also covers the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Law, and the Underground Railroad.

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Divisive Politics of Slavery & Secession: North vs South before the Civil War

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  1. Objectives1. The learner identify differences between the North and South.2. The learner will explain the political conditions that gave rise to the Republican Party and divided the Whigs.3. The learner will describe the conflicts that led to secession. State Standards 6.1 Identify how the effects of 19th century warfare promoted the growth of industrialism (i.e., railroads, iron vs. steel industry, textiles, coal, rubber, processed foods). 6.3 Identify major urban areas of the United States on a map (i.e., Northeast, upper Midwest, Atlantic Coast, California). 6.7 Recognize technological and industrial advancements to the era (i.e., advancements in mining, farming or ranching). 6.9 Recognize the economic disparity among farmers, wage earners, immigrants, or racial groups when compared to industrial capitalists.

  2. CHAPTER 4: THE UNION IN PERIL BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 1850-1877

  3. THE DIVISIVE POLITICS OF SLAVERY • Over the centuries, the Northern and Southern sections of the United States developed into two very different cultural and economic regions • The key difference between the North and South that ultimately led to the Civil War was the Southern economy depended on slavery, while the Northern economy did not. • There were also differences in geography and climate, as well as religious differences

  4. THE SOUTH BEFORE THE WAR • Rural plantation economy • Relied on slave labor • “Peculiar Institution” created tension • Southerners feared the loss of slavery would mean loss of culture Family working the cotton field on a Plantation

  5. THE NORTH BEFORE THE WAR • The North had a more diverse economy • Industry flourished • The North openly opposed slavery in the South and the new territories • The North was more urbanized than the South BOSTON HARBOR

  6. SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES • The issue of whether slavery in California and the West would be legal led to heated debates in Congress • Gold rush led to application for statehood for California CALIFORNIA BECAME A STATE IN 1850

  7. COMPROMISE OF 1850 • Southerners threatened secession over issue • Henry Clay presented a series of resolutions, later called the Compromise of 1850, which he hoped would settle the controversy over slavery. • For the North: California would be admitted as free state • For the South: A more effective fugitive slavelaw • John C. Calhoun led the fight against the Compromise of 1850. • Residents of New Mexico & Utah would vote themselves-”popular sovereignty” • The residents of the territory decide whether a territory would become free or slave under popular sovereignty. CONGRESSIONAL DEBATE

  8. Section 1 – The Divisive Politics of Slavery – Vocabulary Secession- the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union. Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue.

  9. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW • Under the law, runaway slaves were not entitled to a trial by jury • Anyone helping a slave escape was jailed for 6 months and fined $1,000 • Northerners were upset by the harshness of the new law and often helped hide fugitive slaves A HARSH FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW FURTHER INCREASED TENSIONS

  10. UNDERGROUND RAILROAD • Escape from slavery was dangerous and meant traveling on foot at night • As time went on, African Americans and white abolitionists developed a secret network of people who would hide fugitive slaves • ”Conductors” would hide runaways in tunnels and even kitchen cupboards

  11. Section 1 – The Divisive Politics of Slavery – Vocabulary Secession- the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union. Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue. Underground Railroad- a system of routes along which runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free states.

  12. HARRIET TUBMAN • One of the most famous conductors was Harriet Tubman • Tubman escaped slavery and vowed to help others do the same • She made 19 trips back to South and freed over 300 slaves (Including her own parents) HARRIET TUBMAN 1820-1913

  13. UNCLE TOM’S CABIN In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published her influential novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which provoked increased protests against the Fugitive Slave Act. The book stressed the moralevil ofslavery Abolitionist protests increased Instant best seller sold 500,000 by 1857 Author Harriet Beecher Stowe

  14. TENSION BUILDS IN KANSAS After Stephen Douglas worked to pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, Kansas would vote to decide on whether slavery would be legal or outlawed This contradicted the 36’ 30’ of the Missouri Compromise vs.

  15. BLEEDING KANSAS • The race for Kansas was on. Both supporters and opponents attempted to populate Kansas to win the vote over slavery • As the election neared, a group of pro-slavery “border ruffians” from Missouri attempted to cross into Kansas • Violence erupted – Blooding Kansas is the legacy Finally, after years of fighting, Kansas is admitted as a free state in 1861

  16. NEW POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGE • The political landscape by 1856 was very different than it had been just a few years earlier • Gone was the Whig Party • The Democrats were still alive but faced increasing challenge from new parties • An alternative was the Know-Nothing Party Know-Nothing members answered questions by saying, “I know Nothing”

  17. THE FREE-SOILERS • Another party that emerged in the mid-19th century was the Free-Soilers • Free-Soilers were northerners who opposed slavery in the territories • Free-Soilers objections to slavery were based on economics not moral objection to slavery • They believed slavery drove down wages for white workers “Soil”

  18. REPUBLICANS EMERGE AS LEADING PARTY • In 1854, opponents of slavery in the territories formed a new political party, the Republican Party • As the party grew it took on Free-Soilers, some anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs, and Know-Nothings Republicans won all but 3 presidential elections from 1861-1933

  19. THE DRED SCOTT DECISION • A major Supreme Court decision occurred when slave Dred Scott was taken by his owner to free states Illinois & Wisconsin • Scott argued that that made him a free man • The Supreme Court declared being in free territory did not make a slave free in the Dred Scott decision. • In the Supreme Court ruling against Dred Scott slaves were defined as property, which the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution protected. • The decision increased tensions over slavery DRED SCOTT LOST HIS CHANCE AT FREEDOM

  20. LINCOLN – DOUGLAS DEBATES • The 1858 race for U.S. Senate in Illinois was hotly contested between Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephan A. Douglas • One of the most celebrated debates in history ensued as the topic was slavery in the territories • Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state is free or slave • Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants constitutional amendment “THE LITTLE GIANT” VS. “HONEST ABE”

  21. HARPER’S FERRY While politicians debated the slavery issue, John Brown plotted a major slave revolt On October 16, 1859, he led a band of 21 men, black and white, into Harpers Ferry, Virginia John Brown’s aim at Harpers Ferry was to seize a federal arsenal and start a widespread slave uprising, but troops put down the rebellion. Brown was tried and executed ARSENAL BROWN

  22. 1860 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION • Republicans nominated Abe Lincoln while the Democrats split • Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election with less than half the popular vote and no Southern electoral votes • The Southern states were not happy LINCOLN MEMORIAL

  23. 1860 ELECTION RESULTS

  24. SOUTHERN SUCESSION • Lincoln’s victory in 1860 election convinced Southerners that they had to act quickly • South Carolina led the way, the secession of the Southern states began in December of 1860 • Mississippi was next, then Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas • Southern delegates met in February, 1861, the Confederacy was formed and former senator Jefferson Davis was elected president of Confederacy

  25. Section 1 – The Divisive Politics of Slavery – Vocabulary Secession- the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union. Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue. Underground Railroad- a system of routes along which runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free states. Confederacy- the Confederate States of America, a confederation formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their secession from the Union.

  26. Section 1 – The Divisive Politics of Slavery – Vocabulary Secession- the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union. Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue. Underground Railroad- a system of routes along which runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free states. Confederacy- the Confederate States of America, a confederation formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their secession from the Union.

  27. THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS: SECTION 2 • When the Civil War began, Abraham Lincoln’s main goal to restore the Union. • The first battle of the Civil War (1861-1865) was fought at Fort Sumter, South Carolina on April 12, 1861 • Soon after, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee seceded (Confederate states = 11) • Virginia split on whether to leave Union (West Virginia formed)

  28. Section 2 – The Civil War Begins – Vocabulary Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War (1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861.

  29. STRATEGIES • The South was content to have a defensive strategy • Many Southerners hoped dependence on cotton would force Great Britain to formally recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation. • The Northern strategy going into the war included a naval blockade, a plan to split the Confederacy by going down the Mississippi river, and capturing the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia U.S.S. St. Louis, First Eads Ironclad Gunboat

  30. NORTH HAD ADVANTAGES • The North and South were not evenly matched • The North had many advantages including; • More people • More factories • More food production • More railroads • Better communication

  31. SOUTH HAD ADVANTAGES • The South had some advantages over the Northern forces • First rate military leadership • Highly motivated soldiers • Only had to defend their land – not attack North

  32. THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN First major bloodshed of the war occurred at Bull Run near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861 This battle made Confederate General Thomas Jackson earned the nickname “Stonewall Jackson.” Nicknamed “Stonewall Jackson” he inspired the Confederates to hold firm Confederate victory boosted moral ACTUAL PHOTOS OF BULL RUN AND GENERAL JACKSON

  33. Section 2 – The Civil War Begins – Vocabulary Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War (1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861. Bull Run- first major bloodshed of the war occurred here near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861.

  34. THE CLASH AT ANTIETAM • Union General George McClellan confronted Confederate General Robert E. Lee in Antietam, Maryland • The single bloodiest day in American history --- 26,000 died • Lee and the Confederates retreated, McClellan did not follow- Lincoln fires him • General Robert E. Lee drove Union forces away from Richmond in the spring of 1862. BLOODIEST DAY IN AMERICAN HISTORY 9/17/1862

  35. Section 2 – The Civil War Begins – Vocabulary Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War (1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861. Bull Run- first major bloodshed of the war occurred here near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861. Antietam- the single bloodiest day in American history --- 26,000 died.

  36. Civil War 1861-1862

  37. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION • As the war progressed, Lincoln used his powers to end slavery in the North with the Emancipation Proclamation. • Just as Union troops could seize Confederate supplies, Lincoln authorized the army to seize and emancipate slaves • Emancipation was not just a moral issue; it became a weapon of war • An important effect of the Emancipation Proclamation was that it gave a moral purpose to the war.

  38. Section 2 – The Civil War Begins – Vocabulary Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War (1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861. Bull Run- first major bloodshed of the war occurred here near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861. Antietam- the single bloodiest day in American history --- 26,000 died. Emancipation Proclamation- an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines.

  39. JANUARY 1, 1863

  40. CONSCRIPTION ISSUES • Both sides dealt with social unrest during the Civil War • Both Union and Confederate leaders imposed conscription, a draft that forced men into the army. • Both President Lincoln and Confederate leader Davis suspended Writ ofHabeas Corpus • Draft riots occurred in New York City as some thought draft process was unfair to the poor and immigrants DEPICTION OF NEW YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS

  41. Section 2 – The Civil War Begins – Vocabulary Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War (1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861. Bull Run- first major bloodshed of the war occurred here near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861. Antietam- the single bloodiest day in American history --- 26,000 died. Emancipation Proclamation- an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines. Conscription- the drafting of citizens for military service.

  42. AFRICAN AMERICANS FIGHT FOR FREEDOM • Although only 1% of the North’s population, by the end of the war 180,000 African Americans fought for the Union (10% of Union Army) • However, they were segregated and earned lower wages • See: Glory

  43. SOLDIERS SUFFERED ON BOTH SIDES • Heavy casualties on both sides were worsened by conditions on the field • Disease, poor nutrition, and inadequate medical care were common features of the war GETTYSBURG

  44. DISEASE ACCOUNTED FOR 76% OF DEATHS IN CIVIL WAR

  45. WOMEN WORK TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS • While women were not in combat, 3,000 women served as Union nurses • Carla Barton was a famous Union nurse • Known as the “Angel on the Battlefield” she went on to form the American Red Cross after the war

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