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State Standards

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State Standards

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  1. Objectives1. The learner will analyze the settlement of the Great Plains during the late 1800’s and to examine Native American policies, private property rights, and the Populist movement.2. The learner will contrast the cultures of Native Americans and white settlers and explain why white settlers moved west.3. The learner will identify restrictions imposed by the government on Native American and describe the consequences.4. The learner will identify the government’s policy of assimilation as well as continuing conflicts between Native Americans and settlers.5. The learner will trace the development of the cattle industry.6. The learner will describe both the myth and the reality of the American cowboy and explain the end of the open range. State Standards 6.2 Identify major agricultural post-Civil War American geographic areas on a map. 6.7 Recognize technological and industrial advancements to the era (i.e., advancements in mining, farming or ranching). 6.10 Interpret a political cartoon which portrays the controversial aspects of the Gilded Age (e.g. Populist reaction to politician and/or tycoons, railroad development, westward expansion, Dawes Act, urban developments). 6.12 Assess the effect of late 19th century technological innovation on the daily lives of American people (i.e., electricity, indoor plumbing, communication, transportation).

  2. CHAPTER 13: CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER AMERICA SETTLES THE WEST- LATE 19TH CENTURY

  3. SECTION 1: CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIE • The Great Plains is the vast grassland extending through the west-central portion of the United States. • The culture of the Plains Indians was not well known to Easterners • The Osaga and the Iowahad hunted and planted in the Great plains for over 100 years • Tribes such as the Sioux and Cheyenne hunted buffalo THE PLAINS

  4. Section 1 - Cultures Clash on the Prairie – Vocabulary Great Plains – the vast grassland that extends through the central portion North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains.

  5. SETTLERS PUSH WESTWARD • The white settlers who pushed westward had a different idea about land ownership • Concluding that the plains were “unsettled, “ thousands advanced to claim land • Gold being discovered in Colorado only intensified the rush for land A COVERED WAGON HEADS WEST

  6. THE HORSE AND THE BUFFALO • The introduction of horses by the Spanish (1598) and later guns, meant natives were able to travel and hunt • While the horse provided speed and mobility, it was the buffalo that provided for basic needs BUFFALO WERE USED FOR FOOD, SHELTER AND CLOTHING

  7. FAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINS • Small extended families were the norm • Men were hunters, while women helped butcher the game and prepare it • Tribes were very spiritual and land was communal • The horse, buffalo, and extended family were central to the life and culture of the Plains Indians in the 1800s. • The education of Plains Indian children traditionally included Myths, examples, games, NO BOOKS OSAGE TRIBE

  8. THE GOVERNMENT RESTRICTS NATIVES • As more and more settlers headed west, the U.S. government increasingly protected their interests • Railroads Influence Government Policy • 1834, government designates Great Plains as one huge reservation • 1850s, treaties define specific boundaries for each tribe RAILROADS GREATLY IMPACTED NATIVE LIFE

  9. Death on the Bozeman Trail Bozeman Trail crosses Sioux hunting grounds Red Cloud asks for end of settlements; Crazy Horse ambushes troops Treaty of Fort Laramie—U.S. closes trail; Sioux to reservation Sitting Bull, leader of Hunkpapa Sioux, does not sign treaty SITTING BULL 1831–1890 The Government Restricts Native Americans

  10. Section 1 - Cultures Clash on the Prairie – Vocabulary Great Plains – the vast grassland that extends through the central portion North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. Treaty of Fort Laramie – the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River.

  11. Clash of Cultures Native Americans: land cannot be owned; settlers: want to own land Settlers think natives forfeited land because did not improve it Since consider land unsettled, migrants go west to claim it [Next Slide] Most Native Americans responded to restrictions placed upon them by the U. S. government by ignoring the restrictions. A portrait of a Sioux man and woman in the late 19th century. Settlers Push Westward

  12. NATIVES AND SETTLERS CLASH • 1834 – Government set aside all of the Great Plains as “Indian lands” • 1850s- Government shifts policy, giving natives much smaller lands • Conflict ensues • 1864 - Sand Creek Massacre; US Army attack killing 150 native women and children

  13. OTHER CONFLICTS AND BATTLES • Conflicts continued including; Fetterman Massacre and Red River War • Custer’s Last Stand occurred in early 1876 when Colonel Custer reached Little Big Horn • Led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, the natives outflanked and crushed Custer’s troops • Sitting Bull of the Hunkpapa Sioux never signed the Treaty of 1868. He helped to defeat the U. S. Army at the Little Bighorn, toured in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show for awhile, encouraged the Ghost Dance movement, and was eventually killed during an attempt by reservation police to arrest him. • George A. Custer’s bad judgment in attacking Native American warriors at the Little Bighorn River resulted in his death and that of all his troops. ONE OF THE FEW NATIVE VICTORIES WAS LITTLE BIG HORN

  14. THE DAWES ACT - 1887 • The Dawes Act of 1887 attempted to assimilate natives • Assimilation sought to abolish Native American’s traditional cultures. • The Dawes Act called for the break up of reservations and the introduction of natives into American life • By 1932, 2/3rds of the land committed to Natives had been taken • The Dawes Act allowed white settlers to take much of the land set aside for Native Americans. • Because of this, The Dawes Act was designed to benefit white Settlers FAMOUS DEPICTION OF NATIVE STRUGGLE

  15. Section 1 - Cultures Clash on the Prairie – Vocabulary Great Plains – the vast grassland that extends through the central portion North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. Treaty of Fort Laramie – the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River. Assimilation – a minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture. Dawes Act – a law, enacted in 1887, that was intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners.

  16. THE DARK AREAS DEPICT NATIVE LANDS BY 1894

  17. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BUFFALO • The most significant blow to tribal life on the plains was the destruction of the buffalo • Tourist and fur traders shot buffalo for sport • 1800: 65 million buffalo roamed the plains • 1890: less than 1000 remained • The Ghost Dance was supposed to restore the Native American way of life. SHIRTLESS HUNTER WITH HIS KILL

  18. BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE • On December 29, 1890, the Seventh Cavalry (Custer’s old regiment) rounded up 350 Sioux and took them to Wounded Knee, S.D. • A shot was fired – within minutes the Seventh Cavalry slaughtered 300 unarmed Natives • Massacre of Wounded Knee marked the end of the wars between the federal government and the Plains Indians HUNDREDS OF CORPSES WERE LEFT TO FREEZE ON THE GROUND

  19. Section 1 - Cultures Clash on the Prairie – Vocabulary Great Plains – the vast grassland that extends through the central portion North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. Treaty of Fort Laramie – the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River. Assimilation – a minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture. Dawes Act – a law, enacted in 1887, that was intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners. Battle of Wounded Knee – the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890.

  20. BLACK ELK SPEAKING ABOUT WOUNDED KNEE BLACK ELK

  21. CATTLE BECOMES BIG BUSINESS • Ranching became increasingly profitable • Texas rangers learned how to handle the Texas Longhorns from Mexican rangers • The Mexican vaquero influenced the American cowboy in all of the following areas; language, clothing, food

  22. Section 1 - Cultures Clash on the Prairie – Vocabulary Great Plains – the vast grassland that extends through the central portion North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. Treaty of Fort Laramie – the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River. Assimilation – a minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture. Dawes Act – a law, enacted in 1887, that was intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners. Battle of Wounded Knee – the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890. Longhorn – a breed of sturdy, long-horned cattle brought by the Spanish to Mexico and suited to the dry conditions of the Southwest.

  23. VOCABULARY BORROWED • Vanilla, bronco, mustang, chaps, mosquito, pronto, tuna, stampede, tornado, chili, cigar, shack, savvy, siesta, wrangler, lasso, lariat, ranch, corral, burro, canyon, bandit, fiesta, guerrilla, hurricane, matador, plaza, rodeo, vigilante, desperado, cockroach, buckaroo MEXICAN “VAQUEROS” (COW MAN) PROVIDED THE VOCABULARY FOR THE AMERICAN COWBOY

  24. TRAILS CONNECTED TO RAILROADS

  25. GROWING DEMAND FOR BEEF • After the Civil War the demand for beef surged • Urbanization and the rise of the railroad was instrumental in the increase of beef consumption • Chicago Union Stock Yards was a famous market after 1865 • Demand for beef in the East contributed to the development of the Chisholm Trail POSTCARD OF CHICAGO UNION STOCK YARDS

  26. Section 1 - Cultures Clash on the Prairie – Vocabulary Great Plains – the vast grassland that extends through the central portion North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. Treaty of Fort Laramie – the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River. Assimilation – a minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture. Dawes Act – a law, enacted in 1887, that was intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners. Battle of Wounded Knee – the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890. Longhorn – a breed of sturdy, long-horned cattle brought by the Spanish to Mexico and suited to the dry conditions of the Southwest. Chisholm Trail – the major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas.

  27. COW TOWN & THE TRAIL • The Chisholm Trail was the major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas. • Abilene, Kansas became famous for being a place where the Chisholm Trail met the railroads • Tens of thousands of cattle came from Texas through Oklahoma to Abilene via the famous Chisholm trail • Once in Abilene the cattle would board rail cars for destinations across the country Chisholm Trail Chisholm Trail

  28. A Day’s Work 1866–1885, up to 55,000 cowboys on plains 25% African American, 12% Mexican Cowboy works 10–14 hours on ranch; 14 or more on trail Expert rider, roper; alert for dangers that may harm, upset cattle [Visual] Roundup During spring roundup, longhorns found, herded into corral Separate cattle marked with own ranch’s brand; brand calves Most American cowboys used guns to protect their herds. Cowboys in Colorado lassoing and branding calves. A Day in the Life of a Cowboy

  29. The Long Drive Herding of animals or long drive lasts about 3 months Cowboy in saddle dawn to dusk; sleeps on ground; bathes in rivers Legends of the West Celebrities like “Wild Bill” Hickok, Calamity Jane never handled cows [Visual] Frontierswoman Calamity Jones on horseback A Day in the Life of a Cowboy

  30. Section 1 - Cultures Clash on the Prairie – Vocabulary Great Plains – the vast grassland that extends through the central portion North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. Treaty of Fort Laramie – the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River. Assimilation – a minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture. Dawes Act – a law, enacted in 1887, that was intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners. Battle of Wounded Knee – the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890. Longhorn – a breed of sturdy, long-horned cattle brought by the Spanish to Mexico and suited to the dry conditions of the Southwest. Chisholm Trail – the major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas. Long drive – the moving of cattle over trails to a shipping center.

  31. THE END OF THE OPEN RANGE • Almost as soon as ranching became big business, the cattle frontier met its end • Overgrazing, bad weather, and the invention of barbed wire were responsible

  32. Section 1 - Cultures Clash on the Prairie – Vocabulary Great Plains – the vast grassland that extends through the central portion North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains. Treaty of Fort Laramie – the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River. Assimilation – a minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture. Dawes Act – a law, enacted in 1887, that was intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners. Battle of Wounded Knee – the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890. Longhorn – a breed of sturdy, long-horned cattle brought by the Spanish to Mexico and suited to the dry conditions of the Southwest. Chisholm Trail – the major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas. Long drive – the moving of cattle over trails to a shipping center.

  33. Objectives1. The learner will analyze the settlement of the Great Plains during the late 1800’s and to examine Native American policies, private property rights, and the Populist movement.2. The learner will explain the rapid settlement of the Great Plains due to homesteading.3. The learner will describe how early settlers survived on the plains and transformed them into profitable farm land. State Standards 6.2 Identify major agricultural post-Civil War American geographic areas on a map. 6.7 Recognize technological and industrial advancements to the era (i.e., advancements in mining, farming or ranching). 6.10 Interpret a political cartoon which portrays the controversial aspects of the Gilded Age (e.g. Populist reaction to politician and/or tycoons, railroad development, westward expansion, Dawes Act, urban developments). 6.12 Assess the effect of late 19th century technological innovation on the daily lives of American people (i.e., electricity, indoor plumbing, communication, transportation).

  34. SECTION 2: SETTLING ON THE GREAT PLAINS • Federal land policy and the completion of the transcontinental railroad led to the rapid settlement of American west • 1862 – Congress passed Homestead Act which allowed 160 free acres to any “head of household” • The intent of the Homestead Act was to encourage white families to develop the west • A Homesteader was a settler who farmed land given by the federal government.

  35. Section 2 - Settling on the Great Plains – Vocabulary Homestead Act – a U.S. law enacted in 1862, that provided 160 acres in the West to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of household and would cultivate the land for five years; a law whose passage led to record numbers of U.S. settlers claiming private property which previously had been reserved by treaty and by tradition for Native American nomadic dwelling and use; the same law strengthened in 1889 to encourage individuals to exercise their private property rights and develop homesteads out of the vast government lands.

  36. The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1868. The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah and laid a Golden Spike

  37. EXODUSTERS MOVE WEST • African Americans (former slaves) who moved from the post-Reconstruction South to the Great Plains were called Exodusters • Many exodusters took advantage of land deals

  38. Section 2 - Settling on the Great Plains – Vocabulary Homestead Act – a U.S. law enacted in 1862, that provided 160 acres in the West to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of household and would cultivate the land for five years; a law whose passage led to record numbers of U.S. settlers claiming private property which previously had been reserved by treaty and by tradition for Native American nomadic dwelling and use; the same law strengthened in 1889 to encourage individuals to exercise their private property rights and develop homesteads out of the vast government lands. Exoduster – an African American who migrated from the South to Kansas in the post-Reconstruction years.

  39. OKLAHOMA SOONERS • In 1889, a major governmental land giveaway in what is now Oklahoma attracted thousands • In less than a day, 2 million acres were claimed by settlers • Some took possession before the government had officially declared it open – thus Oklahoma became known as the “Sooner State” • The reason why a small amount little of the free land offered by the Homestead Act end up being claimed by settlers was because most of it was taken by people seeking profits.

  40. SETTLERS ENCOUNTER HARDSHIPS • The frontier settlers faced extreme hardships – droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, locust plagues, and bandits • Despite hardships, the number of people living west of the Mississippi grew from 1% of the nation’s population in 1850 to almost 30% in 1900 LOCUST SWARM

  41. DUGOUTS & SODDIES Most settlers built their homes from the land itself Pioneers often dug their homes out of the sides of ravines or hills (Dugouts) Those in the flat plains made freestanding homes made of turf (Soddies) In other words, a Soddy was a home made out of prairie turf. Soddy provided warmth but not protection from snakes and insects. DUGOUT SODDY

  42. Section 2 - Settling on the Great Plains – Vocabulary Homestead Act – a U.S. law enacted in 1862, that provided 160 acres in the West to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of household and would cultivate the land for five years; a law whose passage led to record numbers of U.S. settlers claiming private property which previously had been reserved by treaty and by tradition for Native American nomadic dwelling and use; the same law strengthened in 1889 to encourage individuals to exercise their private property rights and develop homesteads out of the vast government lands. Exoduster – an African American who migrated from the South to Kansas in the post-Reconstruction years. Soddy – a home built of blocks of turf.

  43. INCREASED TECHNOLOGY HELPS FARMERS • 1837 – John Deere invented a steel plow that could slice through heavy soil • 1847 – Cyrus McCormick mass-produced a reaping machine • Other inventions included a grain drill to plant seed, barbed wire, and corn binder JOHN DEERE’S STEEL PLOW HAD TO BE PULLED BY A HORSE OR MULE

  44. FARMER EDUCATION SUPPORTED • The federal government financed agricultural education • The Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 gave federal land to states to help finance agricultural colleges • 1887 Hatch Act creates agricultural experiment stations

  45. Section 2 - Settling on the Great Plains – Vocabulary Homestead Act – a U.S. law enacted in 1862, that provided 160 acres in the West to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of household and would cultivate the land for five years; a law whose passage led to record numbers of U.S. settlers claiming private property which previously had been reserved by treaty and by tradition for Native American nomadic dwelling and use; the same law strengthened in 1889 to encourage individuals to exercise their private property rights and develop homesteads out of the vast government lands. Exoduster – an African American who migrated from the South to Kansas in the post-Reconstruction years. Soddy – a home built of blocks of turf. Morrill Act – laws enacted in 1862 and 1890 to help create agricultural colleges by giving federal land to states.

  46. Farmers in Debt • Bonanza farm is a massive single-crop farms owned by railroad companies and private investors. • 1885–1890 droughts bankrupt single-crop operations • Rising cost of shipping grain pushes farmers into debt • Inflation, falling prices, tight money supply intensified the debts that Plains farmers had during the late 1800s. • The railroad was most responsible for bringing an end to the era of wide-open western frontier.

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