Early English Colonization in the 1600s: Jamestown, Roanoke, and Maryland

1. Chapter 2 “The Planting of English America”

2. Colonization in Early 1600s • 1610 – Sante Fe – Spanish • 1608 – Quebec – French • 1607 – Jamestown - English

3. England and Exploration • North America in 1600 was largely unclaimed, though the Spanish had much control in Central and South America. • Issues in England kept them from exploring • King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and launched the English Protestant Reformation. • After Elizabeth I became queen, Britain became predominantly Protestant, and a rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified.

4. Spain Vs. England • England wanted what Spain had – money, gold , land, power and prestige. • Sea Dogs led by Francis Drake stole from Spanish ships • King Philip was livid after Drake raided Spanish ships on the west coast of South America • Philip ordered the building of the Spanish Armada

5. Sir Francis Drake • Queen Elizabeth's favorite sea dog • Stole from the Spanish and eventually circumnavigated the world.

6. Drake’s Golden Hind • English explorer Francis Drake sailed around the world between 1577 and 1580 in his galleon the Golden Hind. On his voyage Drake was able to seize large amounts of treasure from Spanish possessions in South America. As a result of his success, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I of England. This replica of Drake’s galleon can be seen on the Thames River in London. Joel W. Rogers/Corbis

7. Spanish Armada • The Spanish fleet sailed on July 12, 1588. It consisted of 128 ships carrying 29,522 sailors. The British fleet consisted of 116 large ships and numerous coastal vessels • The Armada was defeated by the English and Sir Francis Drake. • Many ships were lost in the battle and because of storms on the way back to Spain • About half of the ships returned to Spain • Turning point in history because now the English had confidence to pursue colonization in the New World • Spain’s invincibility was shattered

8. Reasons for Emigration • Britain’s population was mushrooming. • Farmers were forced off the land • Economic depression hit the woolen trade in the late 1500s • Primogeniture – decree that only the oldest son was eligible to inherit landed estates • By the 1600s, the joint-stock company was perfected, being a forerunner to today’s corporations • Confidence because of the victory over the Spanish Armada

9. Early English Colonization • Sir Humphrey Gilbert • Attempted to settle in Newfoundland with a charter from king. • Lost at sea • Sir Walter Raleigh • Gilbert’s half brother • Given Gilbert’s charter • Hired John White to take a group to Roanoke Island to set up first English colony • “Lost Colony”

10. Roanoke Island

11. 3. Jamestown • Started by a The Virginia Company, a joint stock venture • King James I gave a charter to Virginia Company • Company hired young, strong men to mine for gold and make money for the stock company • Settled in a low swampy area protected on three sides by water • Stagnant water – mosquitoes – malaria – death • Indian attack, lack of shelter, drought, and starvation became biggest problems

12. Why Was There Such High Mortality? • POPULATION: • 1607: 104 colonists • By spring, 1608: 38 survived • 1609: 300 more immigrants • By spring, 1610: 60 survived • 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants • 1624 population: 1,200 • Adult life expectancy: 40 years • Death of children before age 5: 80%

13. Jamestown • John Smith • Helped desperate situation in Jamestown by forcing colonists to work for the good of the colony • Pocahontas saved Smith from Powhatan Indians • Left Jamestown because of a gunpowder accident • “starving time followed • Tobacco • Brought over by John Rolfe • Became a badly needed source of income for Jamestown

15. Jamestown Housing

17. Pocahontas

18. 1619 • Dutch ship with 20 African indentured servants ran aground at Jamestown • Dutch traded the servants for supplies • Servants became first slaves in North America • House of Burgesses started in Williamsburg Virginia • First representative government in America • Beginning of democracy in North America

19. Tobacco • Tobacco created a greed for land, since it heavily depleted soil and ruined the land. Tobacco field in Virginia

20. Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

21. Indentured Servitude • Headright System: • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid • Indenture Contract: • 5-7 years. • Promised “freedom dues” [land, $] • Forbidden to marry. • 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

22. Maryland • Founded in 1634 by Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore), Maryland was the second plantation colony and the fourth overall colony to be formed. • Refuge for Catholics • Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives, but the poorer people who settled there where mostly Protestant, creating friction. • Act of Toleration – all welcome in Maryland as long as they believed in the Holy Trinity. • Death penalty to those who did not believe

23. Maryland

24. West Indies Plantations • As the British were colonizing Virginia, they were also settling in the West Indies • Thousands of African slaves were needed to operate sugar plantations • To control so many slaves “codes” were set up that defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the masters

25. Carolinas • Created during the Restoration Period • Carolina flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies. • Rice emerged as the principle crop in Carolina. • Violent colony due to the close border to Spanish Florida

26. North Carolina • In 1712, North and South Carolina were officially separated. • Many newcomers to Carolina were Virginia castoff “squatters,” people who owned no land. • North Carolinians developed a strong resistant to authority, due to geographic isolation from neighbors. • Most democratic • Most independent minded • Least aristocratic

27. Georgia • Last of the 13 colonies to be established • Started by James Oglethorpe as a colony for imprisoned debtors from England • Also became a buffer by protecting Carolinas from Indian and Spanish attack. • Undisciplined and doomed to failure

29. Oglethorpe and Georgia James Oglethorpe

30. Southern Colonies • Maryland • Virginia • North Carolina • South Carolina • Georgia • Dominated by tobacco plantations • All were aristocratic (except for North Carolina) • All had cash crop – tobacco, rice , sugar or indigo • Close contact with England due to slow moving navigable rivers • All had slaves

31. Widowarchy High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth!