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Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Lecture. Chapter 2. The Cell. Frederic Martini Michael Timmons Robert Tallitsch. Introduction. Cell theory: Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions. The Study of Cells. The study of cells is cytology : Light microscopy

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Lecture Chapter 2 The Cell Frederic Martini Michael Timmons Robert Tallitsch

  2. Introduction • Cell theory: • Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions.

  3. The Study of Cells • The study of cells is cytology: • Light microscopy • Transmission electron microscopy   • Scanning electron microscopy Figure 2.1a,b,c Different Technique, Different Perspective

  4. Cellular Anatomy Cells have four types of component: Membranes Organelles Cytoplasm inclusions Figure 2.3 Anatomy of a Typical Cell

  5. Cellular Anatomy Figure 2.4 A Flow Chart for the Study of Cell Structure

  6. Cell Structure This movie reviews cell structure. Cell Structure PLAY

  7. The Cell Membrane Figure 2.5 The Cell Membrane

  8. The Cell Membrane • Major functions of the cell membrane can be described: • Regulation of exchange with the environment • Receptors and ID

  9. Membrane Permeability: Passive Processes • Diffusion • Osmosis • Facilitated Diffusion Figure 2.6 Diffusion across the Cell Membrane

  10. Membrane Permeability: Active Processes • Active transport uses enzymes and carrier proteins: • Ions pumps arecarrier proteins for charged particles. • Ions moved regularly by active transport include Na+, Ca2+,Mg2+,K+ • Ion pumps are specific. • An ion pump that moves two ions simultaneously in opposite directions is called an exchange pump.

  11. Membrane Permeability: Active Processes Figure 2.7a Pinocytosis

  12. Membrane Permeability: Active Processes Figure 2.7b Phagocytosis

  13. Membrane Permeability: Active Processes Figure 2.8 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

  14. Cytoplasm • The cytoplasm is the general term for the material inside the cell. • It is a fluid very high in protein. • The cytosol is the intracellular fluid: • It is high in potassium ions. • It contains an overall negative charge. • Transmembrane potential • It contains high concentrations of proteins. • Organelles are structures within the cyto-plasm that have a particular function and very distinct structure.

  15. Nonmembranous Organelles • The cytoskeleton: • Microfilaments • Microtubules  • Microvilli

  16. Nonmembranous Organelles Figure 2.9 The Cytoskeleton

  17. Nonmembranous Organelles • Centrioles • Cilia • Flagella Figure 2.10 Centrioles and Cilia

  18. Nonmembranous Organelles • Ribosomes: • 60% RNA and 40% protein • Free ribosomes: • Float in the cytoplasm • Fixed ribosomes: • Are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Figure 2.11 Ribosomes

  19. Membranous Organelles • Mitochondria are double membraned organelles. • Cristae are the folds of the inner membrane • Inner fluid is the matrix. Figure 2.12 Mitochondria

  20. Membranous Organelles • The nucleus is the control center of the cell. • Nucleoplasm • Nuclear envelope  • Perinuclear space • Nuclear pores • Nuclear matrix

  21. Membranous Organelles Figure 2.13a The Nucleus

  22. Membranous Organelles: Nucleus • Chromosomes: • DNA wrapped around proteins called histones. • Nucleosomes • Chromatin Figure 2.14 Chromosome Structure

  23. Membranous Organelles • The ER has four major functions: • Synthesis of all classes of macromolecules • Storage of the manufactured molecules • Transport of substances from on area of the cell to another • Enzymes in the lumen of the ER provide detoxification

  24. Membranous Organelles Figure 2.15 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

  25. Membranous Organelles • The three main functions of the Golgi apparatus: • Synthesis and packaging of secretions. • Packaging of enzymes for use in the cytosol. • Renewal and modification of the cell membrane. Figure 2.16b The Golgi Apparatus

  26. Membranous Organelles • Lysosome function in three manners: • Fuse with phagosomes to digest solid materials. • Fuse with and recycle damaged organelles. • Sometimes rupture a process resulting in autolysis. Figure 2.18 Lysosomal Functions

  27. Intercellular Attachment Figure 2.19 Cell Attachments

  28. The Cell Life Cycle Figure 2.20 The Cell Life Cycle

  29. DNA Replication Figure 2.21 DNA Replication

  30. Interphase Figure 2.22a

  31. Prophase Figure 2.22b,c

  32. Metaphase and Anaphase Figure 2.22d,e

  33. Telophase and Cytokinesis Figure 2.22f,g

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