Children The Early Years by Anita Decker

1. Children The Early Yearsby Anita Decker Chapter 4…Pregnancy 1

2. Objectives Describe what happens during conception. Explain how genetic factors affect prenatal development. Describe how a person inherits traits through genes. List the three different types of multiple pregnancies. Describe the three main stages of prenatal development.

3. www.quizlet.com/6862040 This is a review for the chapter. The test will be at the end of the chapter.

4. Interview Signs of Pregancy See handout: Due the next class day.

5. Conception

6. Cell…The smallest unit of life that is able to reproduce itself. • Sperm…The male sex cell. • Ovum…The female sex cell or egg. • Zygote…The single cell formed at conception; also called a fertilized egg. 6

8. Conception…The union of the ovum and sperm cells. • Fallopian Tubes…Two hollow tubes that connect to the uterus and have fingerlike projections that reach toward each ovary. • Uterus...The organ in which the baby develops and is protected until birth. 8

10. The Menstrual Cycle Resources http://www.webmd.com/baby/healthtool-ovulation-calculator

12. The average menstrual cycle is 28 to 32 days. Some women have longer or shorter cycles, so the exact timing of ovulation can vary. Here's an overview of a typical 28-day menstrual cycle

13. Day 1 Your cycle begins on the first day of blood flow. • Days 2-14 Follicular Phase The follicles on your ovary become active, and your cervical mucus starts to thin. • Day 14 Ovulation occurs mid-cycle, but can vary from between Day 11 and Day 21 of a woman's cycle. Rising estrogen levels trigger the LH surge, which causes the follicle to ovulate and release an egg. It's important to chart your basal body temperature and LH surge so you know when you ovulate.

14. Days 15-22 Luteal Phase After releasing the egg, the follicle produces progesterone, which thickens the lining of the uterus for implantation. • Days 23 to 24 Implantation of a fertilized egg can take place. At this point, hormones produced by pregnancy may be detected by a pregnancy test. • Days 25 to 28 If pregnancy does not occur, your hormone levels begin to fall. The uterine lining sheds, resulting in your period.

15. There’s An App for That

16. Ovulation Ovulation occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down the fallopian tube, and is available to be fertilized. The lining of the uterus has thickened to prepare for a fertilized egg. If no conception occurs, the uterine lining as well as blood will be shed. The shedding of an unfertilized egg and the uterine wall is the time of menstruation.

17. Common Signs of ovulation that occur in most women • Change in cervical fluid. Cervical fluid that resembles “egg whites” is a sign that you are near ovulation or are ovulating. Every woman can experience her own type of cervical fluid, and not all cervical fluid looks the same. Ovulation usually takes place on the day a woman has the most amount of wet fluid.

18. Change in basal body temperature. For most women, you will see that prior to ovulation, the basal body temperature is rather consistent. As you get closer to ovulation, you may have a slight decline, but it will be followed by a sharp increase after ovulation. The increase in temperature is the sign that ovulation has just occurred. Tracking your basal body temperature accurately over a few months can help you predict when ovulation is going to occur.

19. 3. Change in cervical position or firmness. The cervix goes through many changes as a woman ovulates. A woman may notice the clear signs of ovulation; her cervix will be soft, high, open and wet. For most women it will take some time in studying her body to be able to differentiate between what her cervix normally feels like and the changes it goes through during ovulation.

20. Secondary signs of ovulation • Light spotting • Slight cramping or pain on one side of the pelvis • Breast tenderness • Abdominal bloating • Increased sex drive • Heightened sense of smell, taste or vision

21. Demonstration Egg White

22. Chromosomes & Genes

23. Chromosomes: rod-shaped structures, located in the nucleus of a cell, that carry genetic information. Each cell contains 46 chromosomes. • Genes: segments of a DNA molecule, located on a chromosome, that contain genetic information. Genes carry traits from parents to children.

24. Sex Determination is decided at the moment you conceive. One pair of the baby’s chromosomes, determines it’s sex. • These chromosomes are called “X” and “Y” chromosomes. • Females: 2 “X” chromosomes • Males: 1 “X” and 1 “Y” chromosomes

25. Eggs contain only “X” sex chromosomes. Sperm contain either “X” or “Y” chromosomes. The fathers contribution is the one that determines the sex of the fetus.

26. During a woman’s menstrual cycle, a single egg leaves the ovary. This is called ovulation. • At the instant fertilization occurs, sperm and egg join and put together their chromosomes, creating an embryo with a full complement of 23 pairs or a total of 46 chromosomes.

27. Reasons to Consider Genetic Counseling • Your are 35 years or older and plan to go through a pregnancy. • You have a child with a birth defect. • You or your partner has a birth defect. • You or your partner has a history of some type of birth defect. • You or your partner has a family history of inherited deafness. • You have has recurrent miscarriages. • You or your partner are descended from Ashkenazi Jews (risk of Tay Sachs or Canavan’s disease). • You or your partner are African American (risk of sickle cell anemia). • The male partner is 40 years or older.

28. Genetic Counseling Directions: Student’s will work together in groups of 2. The groups are predetermined by the teacher. Answer the following questions. What is Genetic Counseling? What is the philosophy of Genetic Counseling? Who is part of the genetic counseling team? Who should see a Genetic Counselor? What are some specific examples of issues for which Genetic Counseling is recommended? What kind of information and guidance is provided by Genetic Counselors on issues related to fertility and pregnancy? What can you expect to happen at a visit to a genetic counselor? List all of your websites that you got information from.

29. Dominant & Recessive Traits

30. Dominant Trait…Traits that always show in a person even if only one gene of the pair is inherited for that trait. Recessive Traits…Traits that typically do not show in a person unless both genes for the trait are inherited. 30

31. Multiple Pregnancy

32. 32

33. Multiple Pregnancy… Pregnancy in which two or more babies develop. • CONJOINED (Siamese) TWINS: Ovum splits apart, but the separation is not completed. Babies are joined at some part of their bodies. • Fraternal…Term describing children from multiple pregnancies who develop from two ova and differ in genetic makeup. 2 Eggs + different Sperm • Will look different - May be different or the same gender • Identical…Term describing children from multiple pregnancies who develop from one fertilized ovum and have the same genetic makeup. 1 Egg + 1 Sperm • Fertilized ovum splits into 2 identical cells - Always the same gender 33

34. Prenatal Development…The first stage of prenatal development, which last about two weeks after conception. • Placenta…An organ filled with blood vessels that nourishes the baby in the uterus. • Umbilical cord…The cord that connects the baby to the placenta. • Embryo…Term used to describe a baby in the embryonic stage of development. 34

36. Fetus…The term used to describe a baby in the fetal stage of development. • Genetic Factors…Traitsthat are passed through the genes. • Chromosomes…Threadlike structures that carry genes in living cells. • Amnion…A fluid-filled sac that surrounds the baby in the uterus. 36

37. Articles on Twins http://www.hoax-slayer.com/black-white-twins.html

38. Inside Pregnancy Fertilization • http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-early-fetal-development_10354436.bc

39. Video: Boy or Girl http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-girl-or-boy_10313041.bc

40. Stages of Development 50 Lessons Over Easy

41. Marshmallow Pyramid • Students will work together in groups. • Each group will design a freestanding pyramid. • 3 minutes • Items Needed 4 large bags of marshmallow toothpicks

42. How The Baby Develops Over 40 Weeks

43. Week 5 Week 1 Ovarian & Endometrial cycle occurs. • A plate that will later become the heart has developed. • The central nervous system and muscle & bone formation have begun. • The baby’s skeleton is starting to form.

44. Week 10 • Development of organ system and the body are well underway.

45. Babycenter.com Weeks 1-9

46. Week 15 • Baby may begin sucking it’s thumb.

47. Babycenter.com Weeks 10-14

48. Week 25 Week 20 Skin begins growing into the two layers. • Although highly risky, some babies can survive outside the womb at this time, but would spend several months in the hospital

49. Babycenter.com Weeks 15-27

50. Week 35 Week 30 The baby is not about 3lbs and 17 inches. • The baby is now about 5.5 lbs and 20.25 inches.