Welcome to the Biology EOC Review!

1. Welcome to the Biology EOC Review! Did you login with your Name (first and last)/ Instructor Name/ District? If not, please log out and log back in. While you’re waiting, see if you can find the words in the health word search below!

2. To write on the whiteboard. Multiple Choice Polling Questions Type here to ask questions. Be sure to send to “this room”

3. Today’s Topics: The structures and functions of plants tissues and organs The location of the main parts of the brain The factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system The basic functions of the human Immune system The basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. The process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.

4. The structures and functions of plants tissues and organs First, let’s review the structure of monocot and dicot seeds Second, let’s review the steps of monocot seed germination. Enzymes activate growth within the seed. The embryo of the seed begins to grow, using its endosperm for energy. The seed coat bursts open and the root tip emerges. The leaf sheath of a monocot shoots up as the root tip grows deeper into the soil. The leaf sheath of a monocot hits the light, the leaves escape from their covering.

5. The structures and functions of plants tissues and organs After germination, the new seedling differentiates into 3 main types of tissues: Dermal, Ground, and Vascular. For example, see the cross section of a Dicot root below Next, let’s review the steps of dicot seed germination. When conditions are right, the embryo of the seed begins to grow, using its endosperm for energy. The seed coat bursts open. The tip of the root, the hypocotyl, emerges from the embryo. The root tip anchors the seed in the soil. It absorbs water and minerals. In a dicot, the hypocoytl lengthens until it rises above the soil, taking the seed cotyledons with it. Two leaves emerge from between the cotyledons. Cross-section of Dicot Root System Epidermis- dermal tissue for protection Cortex- ground tissue responsible for storage of glucose, assists in the uptake of water and minerals Vascular Cylinder- vascular tissue forms an X-shaped pattern in very center of the root of xylem and phloem

6. The structures and functions of plants tissues and organs

7. The structures and functions of plants tissues and organs Cross Section of Monocot Root System Endodermis – a cylinder one cell thick that forms a boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder Vascular Cylinder - forms a ring in very center of the root of xylem and phloem

8. The structures and functions of plants tissues and organs Like the roots, the stems consist of all types of plant cells and tissues. However, unlike the roots, the stem has a higher percentage of collenchyma cells to aid in structural support. Stems also have a different distribution of vascular tissue than in roots. In a monocot, vascular bundle is scattered throughout the stem. In a dicot, the vascular bundle is a ring, with the larger xylem cells in the center and the smaller phloem cells to the outside.

9. The structures and functions of plants tissues and organs Vascular bundles of xylem and phloem make up the vein system of a leaf. Monocot leaf In dicots, the vein system is netted and branching. The large vein is called a midvein. The smaller veins that branch off are secondary veins.

10. The structures and functions of plants tissues and organs Most cells of plants have chloroplasts, but the cells of leaves have the most. They lay open to the sun and can adjust position to optimize their absorption of solar radiation. Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, so the more a leaf cell has, the more food it can make for the plant. Stomata and Guard cells Stomata are microscopic pores in the epidermis of plants that allow water and gas exchange with the environment. They take in carbon dioxide and water for photosynthesis and release oxygen as a by-product of the reaction. Stomata consist of a stoma, a small pore, and guard cells that control the opening and closing of the stoma in response to environmental conditions, such as temperature or moisture. • Most stomata are located in leaves, since leaves are responsible for much of the photosynthesis in plants. • Plants that live in tropical, moist environments will have more stomata than those in hot and arid climates. • Having less stomata prevents undesirable water and gas loss to the plant.

11. The structures and functions of plants tissues and organs How do cones from gymnosperms form seeds? A sporophyte is a plant in its asexual reproduction phase. It consists of cells that are diploid (2n). This means all their cells have a full set of chromosomes for that organism. A full set of is different for every species. Pine trees have 24 chromosomes in their diploid cells, while cycads have only 22. A gametophyte is a plant in its sexual reproduction phase. All the cells of a gametophyte are haploid (1n). A haploid cell has half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell (2n) of the same species. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes in their diploid cells and 23 chromosomes in their haploid cells. Haploid cells used for sexual reproduction are called gametes.

12. The structures and functions of plants tissues and organs How do flowers from angiosperms form seeds? 1. The petals attract pollinators to the anthers. 2. When a bird or insect sips the nectar, it brushes against the anthers, and the pollen sticks to their bodies. They carry the pollen to another flower, resulting in pollination. 3. When a pollen (1n) grain containing two haploid nuclei reaches the pistil, it sticks to the stigma. 4. A pollen tube grows through the pistil into the ovary, and then into the ovules (1n). 5. The male gametes (two haploid sperm) join with the female gametes within the ovule. This is known as double fertilization. 6. One sperm must fertilize the main egg, the other sperm joins the polar nuclei inside the embryo sac to make the endosperm tissue that will provide energy for the embryo's growth and development. This double fertilization creates a diploid zygote or seed (2n). Petals: colorful structures at the top of the flower stem responsible for attracting pollinators Pistil/Carpel: the female part of the flower (multiple carpels are called a pistil) Stigma: the sticky part of the pistil that traps pollen Style: tube-like structure that supports pistil Ovary: contains the female gametophytes (eggs) Stamen: the male part of the flower Anther: contain the male gametophytes (pollen) Filament: thread-like support for stamen Sepals: modified leaves that enclose the petals

13. Sample Item: SC.912.L.14.7 Terrestrial plants have stomata on the surface of their leaves. A single stoma is surrounded by two guard cells that change shape in response to environmental factors and open or close the stoma. Which of the following best explains how the structure of the leaf is used in processes that occur in the plant? Water enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for transpiration. B. Gases for photosynthesis are exchanged through the surface of the leaf. C. Energy for cellular reproduction is absorbed through the surface of the leaf. D. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for cellular respiration.

14. Sample Item: SC.912.L.14.7 Terrestrial plants have stomata on the surface of their leaves. A single stoma is surrounded by two guard cells that change shape in response to environmental factors and open or close the stoma. Which of the following best explains how the structure of the leaf is used in processes that occur in the plant? Water enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for transpiration. B. Gases for photosynthesis are exchanged through the surface of the leaf. C. Energy for cellular reproduction is absorbed through the surface of the leaf. D. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for cellular respiration.

15. 2. The location of the main parts of the brain • The brain (Cerebrum) is the body’s main control center, controlling bodily functions and responses such as movement, awareness, emotion, speech, perception, homeostasis, memory, and thoughts. • 1. The occipital lobe is found at the back of each hemisphere. • 2. The parietal lobe is the middle region of each hemisphere, lying beneath the crown of the skull. • 3. The frontal lobe is the front part of each hemisphere. • 4. The temporal lobe is located on the side of each hemisphere, behind the ears. • 5. Cerebellum is located at the very bottom of the cerebrum. • 6. The Brain Stem is located below the cerebellum. It connects the brain to the spinal cord. • 7. The Pons is located below the temporal lobe. • 8. The Medulla Oblongata is located below the Pons 7 5 6 8

16. Sample Item: SC.912.L.14.26 The illustration below shows four lobes of the human brain. What lobe is designated by label 2? A. Temporal B. Parietal C. Occipital D. frontal |

17. Sample Item: SC.912.L.14.26 The illustration below shows four lobes of the human brain. What lobe is designated by label 2? A. Temporal B. Parietal C. Occipital D. Frontal |

18. 3. The factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system • When blood pressure is high, the nervous system signals for the smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls to relax in order to lower the pressure. • When blood pressure is low, the nervous system signals for those muscles to contract in order to increase the pressure. • When blood pressure is high, hormones signal for the kidneys to remove more water from the blood, eliminating it in urine, in order to reduce the blood volume and pressure. • When the pressure is low, the kidney conserves water to keep the blood volume and pressure higher.

19. 3. The factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system

20. 3. The factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system

21. Sample Item: SC.912.L.14.36 The rate at which blood flows through the human body changes in response to many factors. Which statement describes one of these factors and its effect on blood flow? A high viscosity of blood causes an increased resistance in the blood vessels and leads to slow blood flow. B. A low blood pH decreases the rate of diffusion through the blood vessels and leads to slow blood flow. C. The changing of the shape of red blood cells to a crescent shape decreases resistance and leads to a faster blood flow. D. The narrowing of blood vessels increases pressure and leads to a faster blood flow.

22. Sample Item: SC.912.L.14.36 The rate at which blood flows through the human body changes in response to many factors. Which statement describes one of these factors and its effect on blood flow? A high viscosity of blood causes an increased resistance in the blood vessels and leads to slow blood flow. B. A low blood pH decreases the rate of diffusion through the blood vessels and leads to slow blood flow. C. The changing of the shape of red blood cells to a crescent shape decreases resistance and leads to a faster blood flow. D. The narrowing of blood vessels increases pressure and leads to a faster blood flow.

23. Sample Item: SC.912.L.14.6 The p53 gene codes for the p53 protein that locates DNA errors for cellular repair. The diagram below shows the relationships among possible environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer. Which of the following statements best describes the relationships among possible environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer? A. Environmental influences can lead to mutations in the p53 gene, which can cause certain cancers. B. Increased levels of p53 protein, rather than environmental influences, can cause certain cancers. C. Mutations in the p53 gene increase environmental influences that can cause certain cancers. D. Genes such as p53 are less causal than environmental influences in stimulating certain cancers. |

24. The human reproductive system: So many problems, so many solutions! PROBLEM: Two parents are combining genes – you have got to cut the chromosome number in half. What do you do?? Enzymes activate growth within the seed. The embryo of the seed begins to grow, using its endosperm for energy. The seed coat bursts open and the root tip emerges. The leaf sheath of a monocot shoots up as the root tip grows deeper into the soil. The leaf sheath of a monocot hits the light, the leaves escape from their covering.

25. The human reproductive system: So many problems, so many solutions! PROBLEM: Two parents are combining genes – you have got to cut the chromosome number in half. What do you do?? PROBLEM: The environment is changing! We need variety to increase the chance that SOMEONE is going to survive! What do you do??

26. The human reproductive system: So many problems, so many solutions! PROBLEM: Two parents are combining genes – you have got to cut the chromosome number in half. What do you do?? PROBLEM: The environment is changing! We need variety to increase the chance that SOMEONE is going to survive! What do you do?? PROBLEM! Provide a safe and nurturing environment for the zygote to grow, once it is formed! What do you do?

27. The human reproductive system: So many problems, so many solutions! PROBLEM: Two parents are combining genes – you have got to cut the chromosome number in half. What do you do?? PROBLEM: The environment is changing! We need variety to increase the chance that SOMEONE is going to survive! What do you do?? PROBLEM! Provide a safe and nurturing environment for the zygote to grow, once it is formed! What do you do? PROBLEM: It will take a little time before the egg can implant itself in the nucleus – how do you make sure it has enough energy to last until then?

28. The human reproductive system: So many problems, so many solutions! PROBLEM: Now you have to get the sperm up to the egg – how do you manage that? PROBLEM: This is an energy intensive process! How do we make sure that the system won’t be overwhelmed with too many developing embryos at the same time?

29. The human reproductive system: So many problems, so many solutions! PROBLEM: Now you have to get the sperm up to the egg – how do you manage that? PROBLEM: This is an energy intensive process! How do we make sure that the system won’t be overwhelmed with too many developing embryos at the same time?

30. The human reproductive system: So many problems, so many solutions! PATHWAYS! The sperm’s journey:

31. The human reproductive system: So many problems, so many solutions! PATHWAYS! The egg’s journey

32. 2. Human reproduction : Human fetal development First Trimester Second Trimester Third Trimester

33. 2. Human reproduction : Human fetal development First Trimester Second Trimester Third Trimester

34. 2. Human reproduction : Human fetal development Third Trimester First Trimester Second Trimester

35. 2. Human reproduction : Human fetal development First Trimester Second Trimester Third Trimester

36. SAMPLE QUESTIONS

37. SAMPLE QUESTIONS

38. SAMPLE QUESTIONS

39. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM

40. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO TYPES OF RESPONSES:

41. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO TYPES OF RESPONSES: Non-Specific Response (The body does NOT know what is attacking - could be anything!)

42. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO TYPES OF RESPONSES: Specific Response (The body DOES know what is attacking - and designs a defense just against this pathogen) Non-Specific Response (The body does NOT know what is attacking - could be anything!)

43. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO TYPES OF RESPONSES: Specific Response (The body DOES know what is attacking - and designs a defense just against this pathogen) Non-Specific Response (The body does NOT know what is attacking - could be anything!) BARRIER TYPE! Block ‘em!

44. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO TYPES OF RESPONSES: Specific Response (The body DOES know what is attacking - and designs a defense just against this pathogen) Non-Specific Response (The body does NOT know what is attacking - could be anything!) BARRIER TYPE! Block ‘em! INFLAMMATORY TYPE! Take ‘em down!

45. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO TYPES OF RESPONSES: Specific Response (The body DOES know what is attacking - and designs a defense just against this pathogen) Non-Specific Response (The body does NOT know what is attacking - could be anything!) BARRIER TYPE! Block ‘em! Humoral – mediated type: ANTIBODIES!! INFLAMMATORY TYPE! Take ‘em down!

46. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO TYPES OF RESPONSES: Specific Response (The body DOES know what is attacking - and designs a defense just against this pathogen) Non-Specific Response (The body does NOT know what is attacking - could be anything!) BARRIER TYPE! Block ‘em! Humoral – mediated type: ANTIBODIES!! Vaccines – and passive and active immunity INFLAMMATORY TYPE! Take ‘em down!

47. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO TYPES OF RESPONSES: Specific Response (The body DOES know what is attacking - and designs a defense just against this pathogen) Non-Specific Response (The body does NOT know what is attacking - could be anything!) Humoral – mediated type: ANTIBODIES!! BARRIER TYPE! Block ‘em! Cell mediated type: cytotoxic T cells! INFLAMMATORY TYPE! Take ‘em down!

48. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO TYPES OF RESPONSES: Specific Response (The body DOES know what is attacking - and designs a defense just against this pathogen) Non-Specific Response (The body does NOT know what is attacking - could be anything!) Humoral – mediated type: ANTIBODIES!! BARRIER TYPE! Block ‘em! Cell mediated type: cytotoxic T cells! INFLAMMATORY TYPE! Take ‘em down! Organ transplant issues….

49. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM Where do antibiotics fit in?

50. WE ARE SURROUNDED! HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM Where do antibiotics fit in? Antibiotic vs Antibody vs Antigen