C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 2

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 • Verb formation: terminology • The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Verb accents • The negative οὐ • Common conjunctions

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 Five items to know and identify about every Greek verb: • PERSON • NUMBER • TENSE • MOOD • VOICE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 • PERSON - subject of verb • 1st (I, we) • 2nd (you, y’all) • 3rd (she, he, it, they, Godzilla, etc) • NUMBER • TENSE • MOOD • VOICE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 • PERSON • NUMBER - subject of verb • Singular (I, you, she, he, it, Godzilla) • Plural(we, y’all, they, Godzillas) • TENSE • MOOD • VOICE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 • PERSON • NUMBER • TENSE - time • present • MOOD • VOICE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 • PERSON • NUMBER • TENSE • MOOD – purpose of verb in sentence • indicative • VOICE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 • PERSON • NUMBER • TENSE • MOOD • VOICE – relationship of subject to verb • active

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 parse/parsing • 1st, 2ndor 3RD PERSON • SINGULAR or PLURAL • PRESENT • INDICATIVE • ACTIVE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 • Verb formation: principal parts “Principal parts” are a shorthand way of indicating how an individual verb forms its tenses. For example, in English: • carry carried carried • go went gone • sing sang sung all summarize how these verbs form their tenses.

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 • Verb formation: principal parts In Greek, there are seven tenses and three voices, although few verbs have all possible combinations of these. Six principal parts provide the shorthand for the possible tenses and voices. We will learn these parts as we learn the tenses and voices.

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • All verbs in this chapter are present indicative active.

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • All verbs in this chapter have two parts • a stem which tells you the vocabulary meaning of the verb • an ending which tells you the person and number

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Since only the ending tells you the person and number, you must use the ending to determine the subject of the verb (which normally will not be expressed by a separate word).

singular -ω (I) -εις (you) -ει (s/he, it) plural -ομεν (we) -ετε (you, y’all) -ουσι (they) Shelmerdine Chapter 2 the endings for present indicative active verbs

singular λύω (I loose) λύεις (you loose) λύει (s/he, it looses) plural λύομεν (we loose) λύετε (you, y’all loose) λύουσι (they loose) Shelmerdine Chapter 2 the stem λυ = “loose”

singular ἔχω (I have) ἔχεις (you have) ἔχει (s/he, it has) plural ἔχομεν (we have) ἔχετε (you, y’all have) ἔχουσι (they have) Shelmerdine Chapter 2 the stem ἐχ = “have”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Greek has only one present tense, soἔχομεν= • “we have” • or “we are having” • or “we do have”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Any word in Greek which ends in -σι adds an additional –ν when followed by either (1) a word beginning with a vowel or (2) a mark of punctuation.

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • This rule affects the spelling and pronunciation of verbs in the 3rd person plural. It does not change the meaning. • ἔχουσικαί... “they have and…” • ἔχουσιν ἀλλά...“they have but…” • ἔχουσιν.“they have.”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 Looking up a Greek verb • In a vocabulary, glossary, lexicon, or dictionary, a Greek verb is listed by its 1st person, singular, present, indicative, active form • λύω loose • the form means “I loose,” but the vocabulary will just say “loose” • the stem is everything before the –ω: • stem = λυ-

ELEMENTARY GREEK Most Greek verbs have “recessive” accent = the accent wants to “recede” back (“left”) to the antepenult. • The length of the vowel in the ultima determines how far back the accent can recede. • If the ultima is short, the accent recedes to the antepenult: λύομεν accent on antepenult short ultima

ELEMENTARY GREEK Most words in Greek have “recessive” accent = the accent wants to “recede” back (“left”) to the antepenult. • The length of the vowel in the theultima determines how far back the accent can recede. • If the ultima is long (= two shorts), the accent recedes only to the penult: λύω accent on penult long ultima

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 4. The negative οὐ The word οὐmeans “not” and negates a verb: • λύομεν = “we loose” • οὐ λύομεν = “we do not loose”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 4. The negative οὐ • οὐnormally does not have an accent and precedes the word it negates: • οὐ λύομεν • before a vowel, οὐadds a –κ, with no change in meaning • οὐκ ἔχομεν • before a vowel with a rough breathing, the –κ becomes a -χ, with no change in meaning • οὐχ ἕξομεν

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 5. Common conjunctions This chapter introduces two common conjunctions • καί and • ἀλλά but

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 5. Common conjunctions Notice that both καί and ἀλλά have acute accents on the ultima. Any word with an acute accent on the ultima changes it to grave when followed by another word: • γράφομεν καὶ θύομεν ἀλλὰ φεύγομεν “We write and we sacrifice but we run away.” • this is the only use of the grave accent

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 5. Common conjunctions Before a word beginning with a vowel, ἀλλὰ elides to ἀλλ’ • διώκομεν ἀλλ’ οὐ φεύγομεν • “We pursue but wedo not run away.”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 Vocabulary • LSU uses a “Core Vocabulary” of about 1,100 words which you learn during the first two years of Greek. • You are responsible only for vocabulary in Shelmerdine which also appears in the Core Vocabulary.

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 Vocabulary • In Moodle is a pdf listing which words in Shelmerdine you are responsible for this semester • All the vocabulary listed in Chapter 2 is in the Core Vocabulary.

ELEMENTARY GREEK for tomorrow (***): • Quiz: given a verb (as in the vocabulary), write out all six forms

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)