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Invert Quiz. Question 1. T/F – 97% of all animals are invertebrates. Question 2. What is the name for a true body cavity? A. protosome B. coelom C. bilateral D. germ layer. Question 3. ________ embryonic development is more complex because the head and mouth develop second.
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Question 1 • T/F – 97% of all animals are invertebrates.
Question 2 • What is the name for a true body cavity? • A. protosome • B. coelom • C. bilateral • D. germ layer
Question 3 • ________ embryonic development is more complex because the head and mouth develop second. • A. protostome B. Deuterostome
Question 4 • Which phylum is described by the following: 2 germ layers, stinging cells called cniodcytes, 2 way digestion, radial symmetry. • A. Porifera • B. Cnidaria • C. Platyhelminthes • D. Nematoda
Question 5 • Which worm phylum is described by the following: pseudocoelom, bilateral symmetry, parasitic, round worm. • A. Porifera • B. Cnidaria • C. PlatyhelminthesD. Nematoda
Question 6 • Which phylum is described by the following: coelom, cephalization, internal or external shell, ex: octopus and clam. • A. Annelida • B. Mollusca • C. ArthropodaD. Echinodermata
Question 7 • Which phylum is described by the following: coelom, complete digestive tract, pumping vessels, hermaphroditic, ex: earthworm. • A. AnnelidaB. MolluscaC. ArthropodaD. Echinodermata
Question 8 • Which phylum is described by the following: coelom, exoskeleton, jointed appendages, largest phylum of invertebrates. • A. Annelida • B. Mollusca • C. Arthropoda • D. Echinodermata
Question 9 • Which phylum of animals is most closely related to Chordata (vertebrates) because of their deuterostome development and endoskeleton? • A. Annelida • B. Mollusca • C. Arthropoda • D. Echinodermata
Question 10 • Which of the following is MOST complex? • A. pseudocolem • B. radial symmetry • C. 2 germ layers • D. cephalization
Question 1 • T/F – 97% of all animals are invertebrates.
Question 2 • What is the name for a true body cavity? • A. protosome • B. coelom • C. bilateral • D. germ layer
Question 3 • ________ embryonic development is more complex because the head and mouth develop second. • A. protostome B. Deuterostome
Question 4 • Which phylum is described by the following: 2 germ layers, stinging cells called cniodcytes, 2 way digestion, radial symmetry. • A. Porifera • B. Cnidaria • C. Platyhelminthes • D. Nematoda
Question 5 • Which worm phylum is described by the following: pseudocoelom, bilateral symmetry, parasitic, round worm. • A. Porifera • B. Cnidaria • C. PlatyhelminthesD. Nematoda
Question 6 • Which phylum is described by the following: coelom, cephalization, internal or external shell, ex: octopus and clam. • A. Annelida • B. Mollusca • C. ArthropodaD. Echinodermata
Question 7 • Which phylum is described by the following: coelom, complete digestive tract, pumping vessels, hermaphroditic, ex: earthworm. • A. AnnelidaB. MolluscaC. ArthropodaD. Echinodermata
Question 8 • Which phylum is described by the following: coelom, exoskeleton, jointed appendages, largest phylum of invertebrates. • A. Annelida • B. Mollusca • C. Arthropoda • D. Echinodermata
Question 9 • Which phylum of animals is most closely related to Chordata (vertebrates) because of their deuterostome development and endoskeleton? • A. Annelida • B. Mollusca • C. Arthropoda • D. Echinodermata
Question 10 • Which of the following is MOST complex? • A. pseudocolem • B. radial symmetry • C. 2 germ layers • D. cephalization
Chordates Chordate Example: Mrs. Holden’s 17 year old childhood pet cat “Mookie” (class Mammalia) after a trip to the groomer for a “lion cut”…
Trends in animal evolution- as animals get more advanced they have more features than the prior phylum
PHYLUM CHORDATA • 4 characteristics present AT SOME TIME during life cycle 1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord 2. Notochord – long, supportive rod, below nerve cord* 3. Pharyngeal gill slits – in neck or throat region 4. Post-anal tail – extends beyond anus
Nonvertebrate Chordates • Two groups do NOT have backbones: 1. Tunicates: filter feeders, larval form has chordate characteristics, adults do not 2. Lancelets: small, fish-like, live on sandy ocean bottom
Chordate Origins • Many studies suggest that the most ancient chordates were closely related to echinoderms
Most Chordates are Vertebrates… • Vertebrate: a chordate that has a strong supporting structure called the vertebral column or backbone which is made up of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae • In vertebrates, the dorsal, hollow nerve cord is the spinal cord • Vertebrates have an endoskeleton which grows as the org grows, and is made up of living cells which produce non-living material
PHYLUM CHORDATA – 7 CLASSES • CLASS AGNATHA – jawless fish • CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES – cartilaginous fish • CLASS OSTEICHTHYES – bony fish • CLASS AMPHIBIA - amphibians • CLASS REPTILIA - reptiles • CLASS AVES - birds • CLASS MAMMALIA - mammals
Figure 34.8 A hagfish Agnatha
Figure 34.11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray (bottom right) Chondrichthyes
Figure 34.13 Anatomy of a trout, a representative ray-finned fish Osteichthyes
Figure 34.18 “Dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria) Amphibia
Figure 34.24 Extant reptiles: Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right) Reptilia
Figure 31–14 The Anatomy of a Pigeon Section 31-2 Aves Brain Esophagus Lung When a bird eats, food moves down the esophagus and is stored in the crop. Heart 1 Kidney Crop Air sac Liver Moistened food passes to the stomach, a two-part chamber. The first chamber secretes acid and enzymes. The partially digested food moves to the second chamber, the gizzard. 2 Firstchamberof stomach Pancreas Large intestine Gizzard Smallintestine Undigested food is excreted through the cloaca. Cloaca 5 The muscular walls of the gizzard squeeze the contents, while small stones grind the food. 3 As digestion continues, the food moves through the intestines. 4
Figure 34.37 Apes: Gibbon (top left), orangutan (top right), gorilla (bottom left), chimpanzee (bottom right) Mammalia
Evolutionary Trends in Vertebrates • From Water to Land • Land specific adaptations • Overcome problems posed by living on land • From Simple to Complex • More organized systems • More efficient systems • Increase in size of systems • Appearance of successful adaptations – such as jaws and paired appendages – has launched adaptive radiations in chordate groups
Temperature Control in Chordates Notice as the environment temperature changes, so does the temperature for certain ectotherms Fish, Amphibians
The Digestive System of Chordates Note differences between carnivores and herbivores! Which has a straighter track? Which has a larger liver? Which has a longer intestine?
Chordate Respiration • Aquatic chordates – gills • Land vertebrates - lungs
Chordate Circulation • Those that use gills for respiration have a single-loop circulatory system • Blood travels from the heart to the gills, then to the rest of the body, and back to the heart in one circuit • Those that use lungs for respiration have a double-loop circulatory system • 1st loop carries blood between the heart and lungs, oxygen poor blood from the heart is pumped to the lungs, while oxygen rich blood from the lungs returns to the heart • 2nd loop carries blood between the heart and the body – oxygen rich blood from the heart is pumped to the body, while oxygen poor blood from the body returns to the heart
Single-LoopCirculatory System Double-Loop Circulatory System FISHES MOST REPTILES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,AND MAMMALS Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates Which type of heart prevents oxygen poor blood from mixing with oxygen rich blood?
Chordate Hearts • Chambers and partitions that help separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood traveling in the circulatory system • Gilled vertebrates: 2 chambered hearts • Amphibians: 3 chambered hearts • Reptiles: 3 chambered hearts with partitions • Birds, mammals, crocodiles: 4 chambered hearts that are completely partitioned
Chordate Excretion • How to get rid of wastes without losing too much water? • Fishes and aquatic amphibians: • Excrete ammonia directly from gills, skin via diffusion • Mammals, land amphibians, and cartilaginous fishes: • Ammonia is changed into urea before excreted using kidneys • Reptiles and birds:* saves most water • Ammonia is changed into uric acid before excretion through kidneys
Chordate Response • Nonvertebrate chordates have a relatively simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain • Vertebrates have a more complex brain with distinct regions, each with a different function
Chordate Movement • Nonvertebrate chordates lack bones but have muscles for movement • The skeletal and muscular systems support a vertebrate’s body and make it possible to control movement
Chordate Reproduction • Oviparous (eggs develop outside mother’s body) • Unprotected egg • Most fishes and amphibians • Amniotic egg • Some reptiles, birds • Ovoviviparous (eggs develop within the mother’s body) • Sharks, some reptiles • Viviparous (born alive)* most advanced • Most mammals