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Effect of Sport Nutrition Education in High School Students from Low-Income Communities

Effect of Sport Nutrition Education in High School Students from Low-Income Communities. Jeffrey C. Little , MS, RD Stella L. Volpe , PhD, RD, FACSM Department of Nutrition. Outline. Introduction Literature Review Statement of the Problem Significance of the Study Purpose of the Study.

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Effect of Sport Nutrition Education in High School Students from Low-Income Communities

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  1. Effect of Sport Nutrition Education in High School Students from Low-Income Communities Jeffrey C. Little, MS, RD Stella L. Volpe, PhD, RD, FACSM Department of Nutrition

  2. Outline • Introduction • Literature Review • Statement of the Problem • Significance of the Study • Purpose of the Study

  3. Outline • Study Design • Statistical Analyses • Results • Conclusion • Future Research Implications

  4. Adolescent Nutrition • Nutritional requirements during adolescence • Changes in eating habits during adolescence (Mitchell, Nutrition Across the Life Span, Philadelphia, PA. W.B. Saunders, 1997)

  5. Adolescent Nutrition • Factors effecting adolescent food choices • Perceived body image • Social & cultural differences • Eating under time constraints • Lack of family guidance • Peer pressure • Mass media • Nutrition education (Mitchell, Nutrition Across the Life Span, Philadelphia, PA. W.B. Saunders, 1997)

  6. Nutrition Knowledge Douglas & Douglas, 1984 • 940 high school student-athletes in Connecticut • 48-question survey • Mean score 26.4 (55%) • Emphasized the need for further nutrition education in adolescents (JADA, 84(10): 1198-1202, 1984)

  7. Nutrition Knowledge Skinner & Woodburn, 1984 • 1,193 high school adolescents in Oregon • Mean correct score of 39.4% • Reported a general lack of nutrition knowledge in these students (JOSH, 54: 71-74, 1984)

  8. Nutrition Knowledge Perry-Hunnicut & Newman, 1993 • 3,632 8th and 10th grade high school students throughout the United States • National Adolescent Student Health Survey • 13-item questionnaire • Mean score of 6.1 and 6.5 for males and females, respectively • High school students do not posses appropriate nutrition knowledge

  9. Nutrition Status in Communities of Low-Income Dietary Quality • Healthy Eating Index (HEI) • 10 Components of a healthy diet • Positive relationship with level of education and income • African-Americans score lowest (Family Economics & Nutrition Review, 12(2): 39-43, 1999)

  10. Nutrition Status in Communities of Low-Income Food Insufficiency • NHANES III (1988 – 1994) • Insufficiency prevalence rate of 4.1% • Poverty status • In 1994, 38 million Americans at or below the poverty level (Alaimo et al., AJPH, 88(3): 419-426, 1998)

  11. Nutrition Status in Communities of Low-Income Educational Differences • Disproportionate balance of educational resources • Budget restraints • Lower enrollment rates • Increased drop out rates

  12. Nutrition Intervention in Communities of Low-Income Hartman et al. (1997) • Intervention study on 134 low-literacy, adult participants (EFNEP) in Twin Cities • Low-fat eating patterns • Pre- and Post-test questionnaire • 10 educational sessions • Results indicate the effectiveness of producing statistically significant, intervention-related behavior changes in low-income adults

  13. Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents in Communities of Low-Income Thakur & D’Amico (1999) • 20-question survey to 292 high school students in 3 separate Philadelphia schools • Schools 1 and 2 lower to middle SES • School 3 predominately middle SES • Examined nutrition knowledge, food preferences, and food-related behaviors towards obesity

  14. Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents in Communities of Low-Income • Results indicated an overall poor level of nutrition knowledge • Significant differences by SES in • Identifying energy requirements • Identifying high-fat foods • Recommended servings for fruit and vegetables (Family Medicine, 31: 122-127, 1999)

  15. Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents in Communities of Low-Income Beech et al., 1999 • 22-question nutrition knowledge survey in the New Orleans area • 2,213 high school students • Mean overall correct score was 39% • Significant ethnic differences (p < 0.001) • Overall low scores consistent with previous studies indicating a general lack of nutrition knowledge among adolescents (JOAH, 24: 244-250, 1999)

  16. Sport Supplements • Popular within society • Billion dollar industry • Use among adolescents is increasing • Few studies conducted regarding knowledge of sport supplements among adolescents (Levin, AOIM, 131(3): 161-164, 1999)

  17. Adolescent Supplement Knowledge Krowchuck et al., 1989 • Survey of 295 high school student-athletes in the greater Cleveland area • use and attitudes towards nutrition supplements • Students require appropriate information on the efficacy and risks involved with sport supplements (Sports Medicine, 143: 486-489, 1989)

  18. Adolescent SupplementKnowledge Massad et al., 1995 • Supplement knowledge in Indiana high school students (n = 507) • Mean score out of 21 • 13.3 (62.5%) for males (n = 302) • 14.2 (67.1%) for females (n = 205) • Low scores indicate a need for additional sport supplement education in high school students (IJSN, 5: 232-245, 1995)

  19. Nutrition and Supplement Knowledge of Adolescents in Low-income Communities • Adolescents in low-income communities • receive less educational resources and support • limited assessment of nutrition knowledge • no research conducted on sport supplement knowledge (Armstrong & Welsman, Young People & Physical Activity, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1997)

  20. Statement of the Problem • Adolescents who are not properly educated in nutrition will make less healthy choices and their diets may be compromised • In doing so, they may begin to form poor eating habits which can result in chronic disease when they become adults

  21. Statement of the Problem • Sport supplement knowledge of adolescents is insufficient and education is limited to higher income communities

  22. Statement of the Problem • Adolescents who are limited in their basic nutrition knowledge do not possess the ability to decipher which supplements are appropriate to consume, which may be potentially harmful, and which can be easily attained through their diet

  23. Significance of the Study • Only study to date that has assessed the use of sport supplements in a low-income community • First study to assess sport supplement knowledge after educational intervention

  24. Significance of the Study • Will provide these adolescents who may be susceptible to inappropriate outside sources of nutrition and sport supplement information, with the most up-to-date information on the efficacy and risks associated with the use of sport supplements

  25. Significance of the Study • Provide adolescents from a low-income community with necessary information to enhance their growth and development through proper nutrition

  26. Purpose • The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a sport nutrition education curricula on the sport nutrition knowledge of high school students in a low-income community

  27. Study Design • Included 50 subjects from a high school in a low-income community • North Star Academy (NSA) • 50% of entire student body enrolled in National School Lunch Program • Students were assigned to either experimental or control group • According to NSA class schedule • Investigator attempted an even distribution

  28. Methodology Week One Pre-Test Questionnaire Week Two Session 1 Week Three Session 2 Week Four Session 3 Week Five Session 4 Week Six Session 5 Week Seven Post-Test Questionnaire

  29. Methodology • Questionnaire • Validated by Massad and Shier (1993) • Internal consistency r = 0.78 • Permission for use granted by Massad et al. (1995) • Updated with 7 additional questions by present investigator

  30. Methodology • 5 Educational lessons • Carbohydrates, Fats, & Proteins • Vitamins, Minerals & Water • Protein Supplements & Creatine Monohydrate • Fat-Burning Supplements • Steroid-Alternative Supplements

  31. Statistical Analyses • Post-hoc power estimation PowerSample Size* 86% 30 94% 40 98% 50 *Actual sample size was 39

  32. Statistical Analyses • Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance • SPSS version 10.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL • p-value was set a priori at 0.05 • Any questions where > 80% of the students scored correctly at pre-test were not included in analyses

  33. Statistical Analyses • Two-tailed paired T-test • Chi-square analyses • Mean differences pre- to pos-test • Gender • High school class level

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