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Nuclear Power Principles and Safety Design Overview

Gain insights into nuclear energy principles, safety design in reactors, and energy security. Explore reactor designs and response guidelines.

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Nuclear Power Principles and Safety Design Overview

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  1. National Tsing-Hua University Professor Department of Engineering and System Science National Tsing Hua University Nuclear Safety and Energy Security Tsung-Kuang Yeh (葉宗洸) At 2017 Southeast Asia Joint-Research and Training Program November 8th, 2017 Department of Engineering and System Science

  2. National Tsing-Hua University • Principles of Nuclear Power • Safety Design in a Nuclear Reactor • Ultimate Response Guidelines • Energy Security • Alternatives for Nuclear Energy • Conclusions Department of Engineering and System Science

  3. National Tsing-Hua University 1. Principles of Nuclear Power（1/7） • Nuclear energy is used to convert liquid water into steam, which is then used to drive steam turbines and produce electricity. Source: http://www.nrc.org Department of Engineering and System Science

  4. National Tsing-Hua University 1. Principles of Nuclear Power（2/7） • In Taiwan, there are a total of six nuclear reactors. Four of them are boiling water reactors, and the other two are pressurized water reactors. Source: http://www.nrc.org Department of Engineering and System Science

  5. National Tsing-Hua University neutron 1. Principles of Nuclear Power（3/7） • Nuclear energy is produced by fission of uranium atoms, followed by emission of various types of radiation. 1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation Source: http://www.nrc.org Department of Engineering and System Science

  6. National Tsing-Hua University 1. Principles of Nuclear Power（4/7） • Isotopes represent atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei. • Hydrogen has three isotopes, protium, deuterium, and tritium.Radioactive tritium is has a half life of 12.3 yrs. • U-235 accounts for 0.72% and U-238 accounts for 99.28%of uranium in nature. Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protium_deuterium_tritium.jpg Department of Engineering and System Science

  7. National Tsing-Hua University 1. Principles of Nuclear Power（5/7） • The enrichment of U-235 in a nuclear power plant is5%, and fast neutrons generated by fission must be slowed down to thermal neutrons to effectively induce subsequent fissions. • Weapon-grade uranium fuel has a U-235 enrichment of over 90% in a confined chamber, and fast neutrons alone are sufficient to induce chained fission reactions. = Department of Engineering and System Science

  8. National Tsing-Hua University 1. Principles of Nuclear Power（6/7） • For the purpose of heat exchange in a nuclear reactor and in a spent fuel storage pool, a nuclear power plant is usually built at a site with abundant water resources. Source:Taiwan Power Company Department of Engineering and System Science

  9. National Tsing-Hua University 1. Principles of Nuclear Power（6/7） • Currently, there are 31 countries in the world that have nuclear power plants. A total of 441 units provide an electricity share of 11% around the globe every year. • United Kingdom and China are planning for more nuclear power plants. • More countries are actively planning to join the fleet of nuclear power, including Vietnam, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan. • 65 units in 15 countries are being constructed as of now. • Global warming, energy security, and expensive green energy are the driving force of pro-nuclear movements in these countries. Department of Engineering and System Science

  10. National Tsing-Hua University 2. Safety Design in a Nuclear Reactor（1/9） • Concept of defense in depth • Multiple barriers for confining radioactive materials • Diversified and multiple cooling systems to ensure effective removal of decay heat • Stringent safety systems to counter earthquakes and tsunamis Department of Engineering and System Science

  11. National Tsing-Hua University 2. Safety Design in a Nuclear Reactor（2/9） • Defense in Depth at Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant Schematic of the 7 Defense Lines at the 4th NPP in Taiwan Plant Site to Seashore Plant Elevation Coolant Pump Protection Tsunami Wall Gas-cooled Diesel Generator Gas-cooled gas turbine generator Raw Water Reservior Ultimate Response Guideline 500 m 12 m Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100 m 10 m No No No No No No Department of Engineering and System Science

  12. National Tsing-Hua University 2. Safety Design in a Nuclear Reactor（3/9） • Multiple Barriers (1/3) 5th barrier Secondary Containment 4th barrier Primary Containment 3rd barrier Reactor Pressure Vessel 2nd barrier Zircoloy Fuel Cladding 1st barrier Fuel Pellet in Ceramic Form Fuel Rod Department of Engineering and System Science

  13. National Tsing-Hua University 2. Safety Design in a Nuclear Reactor（4/9） • Multiple Barriers(2/3) Department of Engineering and System Science

  14. National Tsing-Hua University 2. Safety Design in a Nuclear Reactor（5/9） • Multiple Barriers(3/3) fuel pellet fuel rod fuel cladding fuel assembly The volume of a ceramic fuel pellet is small. The fuel pellet and the fuel cladding both serve as protective shielding Source:http://www.nrc.gov/images/reading-rm/photo-gallery/20071114-022.jpg Department of Engineering and System Science

  15. National Tsing-Hua University 2. Safety Design in a Nuclear Reactor（6/9） • Diversified and Multiple Cooling Systems ADS: Auto Depressurization System RHR: Residual Heat Removal HPCF: Hi-Pressure Coolant Flooder RCIC: Reactor Core Isolation Condenser CST: Coolant Storage Tank CST Source: http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloads/Technology/meetings/2011-Jul-4-8-ANRT-WS Department of Engineering and System Science

  16. National Tsing-Hua University 2. Safety Design in a Nuclear Reactor（7/9） • Earthquakes • Lower center of gravity to counter earthquakes Source: http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloads/Technology/meetings/2011-Jul-4-8-ANRT-WS Department of Engineering and System Science

  17. National Tsing-Hua University 2. Safety Design in a Nuclear Reactor（8/9） • Tsunamis (1/2) • Differences in fault structures between Japan and Taiwan Department of Engineering and System Science

  18. National Tsing-Hua University 2. Safety Design in a Nuclear Reactor（9/9） • Tsunamis (2/2) Unit: meter Department of Engineering and System Science

  19. National Tsing-Hua University 3. Ultimate Response Guidelines（1/2） • Emergency responses not adopted in time 14hour delay 10hour delay 7hour delay Actions taken as a function of time at Fukushima Daiichi NPP during the Accident Reference: M. Naitoh, S. Uchida, H. Suzuki, and H. Okada, “Nuclear Accident in Fukushima Daiichi NPP and Its Influence on Nuclear Energy in Japan,” Proceedings of 16th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam, London, UK, September 1-4, 2013. Department of Engineering and System Science

  20. National Tsing-Hua University 3. Ultimate Response Guidelines（2/2） • Mobile power sources • Two-step depressurization and water injection DC failure: Start raw water injection Station blackout: Get ready for raw water injection w/o 2-step depressurization. with 2-step depressurization Significantly reduce fuel exposure and the amount of raw water Department of Engineering and System Science

  21. National Tsing-Hua University 4. Energy Security（1/2） • Reserved electricity capacity in Taiwan is decreasing continuously year by year. Reserved Capacity % Projected Reserved Capacity Possible Power Shortage Power Rationing at 7.4% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 4th NPP No 4th NPP Department of Engineering and System Science

  22. National Tsing-Hua University 4. Energy Security（2/2） • A comparison among nuclear fuel, coal, and natural gas Reserved Quantity of Various Energy Sources in Taiwan 18 Months One fresh batch of nuclear fuel could provide 18-month electricity. Reserved Quantity (Month) 7 Days in Summer 36 Days Nuclear Fuel Coal Natural Gas Department of Engineering and System Science

  23. National Tsing-Hua University 5. Alternatives for Nuclear Energy（1/2） Department of Engineering and System Science

  24. National Tsing-Hua University 5. Alternatives for Nuclear Energy（2/2） Department of Engineering and System Science

  25. National Tsing-Hua University 6.Conclusions（1/1） • After the Fukushima nuclear accident, a lot of lessons have been learned, and they have been used to strengthen the safety of existing nuclear reactors worldwide. • Before the complete and sound development of renewable energy, nuclear energy is an effective solution to energy security and air pollution problems. • For the sustainability of all creatures on earth, we need to “choose wisely” Photo Source: https://kamonohashikamo.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/taipei-101-tower/ Department of Engineering and System Science

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