Models vs. Reality

1. Models vs. Reality dr.ir. B.F. van Dongen Assistant Professor Eindhoven University of Technology b.f.v.dongen@tue.nl

2. Process Mining • Discovering processes • How do people behave? • Compliance oriented • Where and why do people deviate from standards / rules / regulations? • Performance oriented • Where are bottlenecks in my processes?

3. Aligning models to Observed Behavior Starting point for conformance checking is a process model and a log What is the most likely execution of the model, corresponding to a trace observed in the log?

4. Introduction: Alignments • Alignments are used for conformance checking • Alignments are computed over a trace and a model: • A trace is a (partial) order of activities • A model is a labeled Petri labeled with activities • An alignment explains exactly where deviations occur: • A synchronous move mean that an activity is in the log and a corresponding transition was enabled in the model • A log move means that no corresponding activity is found in the model • A model move means that no corresponding activity appeared in the log

5. Example model: ABDE … … log

6. Logged “A” aligns nicely to model model: A A ABDE … … log

7. Logged “B” aligns nicely to model model: A B A B ABDE … … log

8. Logged “D” does not fit the model model: A B A B D ABDE … … log

9. “C” was probably executed, but was not logged model: C A B A B D ABDE … … log

10. Logged “E” aligns nicely to model model: E C A B E A B D ABDE … … log

11. Alignment shows where deviations occurred Alignment: The best way to fit the trace in the model model: E C A B E A B D ABDE … … log

12. Alignments • Alignments specify exactly where deviations occurred when comparing logs to models • Alignments can be used for: • Fitness/precision computations • Performance analysis • Model repair • ... • Compliance analysis

13. Use of alignment techniques in compliance ? compliance improvement compliance checking and analysis implement compliance measures formalize compliance rules elicit compliance rules 13

14. Automated compliance checking business process compliance requirement compliancespecification diagnostic information compliance checker

15. Automated compliance checking business process Log compliance requirement B F diagnostic information A B alignment compliance checker compliance Petri net pattern Ƭ F

16. Specifying Compliance Rules rule repository Log Which compliance pattern? compliance checker How to prune the Petri net pattern? precise Petri net pattern compliance specifier

17. Patient registration Patient registration X-Ray Implementation ProM6 (www.promtools.org/prom6) Compliance Checking Using Conformance Checking Elicit Compliance Rule Patient registration X-ray others

18. Conclusions Alignments provide a powerful method to explain where operational processes deviated from models Using the right models, alignments can detect (and predict) possible violations of compliance rules Alignments provide guarantees on non-deviating cases

19. Future directions Current challenges: Representation and extraction of multi-dimensional event data for deviation detection Representation and management of deviations Detection and diagnosis of deviations Online, real time deviation prediction Integration of prototypes applicable to high-volume data Application on real-life cases

20. Questions ?